Biographical Memoirs Volume 50 (1979) / Chapter Skim
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Philip Duryeé McMaster
Philip Duryeé McMaster
Pages 286-309
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From page 287... ...
PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER September 14,1891-March 20,1973 BY WALTHER F GOEBEL MY FIRST ENCOUNTER with Philip McMaster was in the locker room of the squash court at the Rockefeller Institute more than fifty years ago.
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From page 288... ...
These were hobbies which never left him. His early taste for biology undoubtedly arose when he accompanied his father and Professor Edward Conklin on frequent field trips to collect biological specimens.
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From page 289... ...
These studies revealed that the normal gallbladder rapidly concentrates hepatic bile but that the diseased organ fails in this function. These observations were promptly utilized by clinical surgeons as a basis for diagnostic dye tests for the presence of gallstones and gallbladder disease.
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Prior to this experiment. it had been thought that only the damaged liver formed urobilin, an assumption that arose as a result of finding some animals bearing infected bile fistulas.
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From page 291... ...
Upon his return to the Rockefeller Institute he again joined Rous and his colleague Hudack in a study of the fluid interchange between the smallest blood vessels and tissues. They found that by injecting varicolored dyes in the bloodstream of rabbits and mice, they could observe the pattern and spread of the dye's passage through the various vessel walls and changes in vascular permeability resulting from a variety of physiological and pathological conditions such as light, trauma, heat, or cold.
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From page 292... ...
Both the pulsation of blood vessels as well as the mechanical effects of muscular contractions proved to be of importance. The two devised ingenious methods for measuring the pressures which existed within cutaneous lymphatic capillaries and in the interstitial tissues outside of them, both under normal conditions and in edematous states.
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From page 293... ...
McMaster's studies brought ample evidence that injury to the skin, however superficial, invariably involved the lymphatics and that local intradermal injections were, in reality, a general injection because of rapid lymphatic distribution. Every injury that breaks the continuity of the skin permits bacteria, viruses, and other foreign matter to enter the lymphatics, and because of this drainage it is not improbable that the regional lymph nodes play an important role in the defense of the body against invasion by an infectious agent.
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From page 294... ...
In this work he made use of azoproteins colored intensely blue to study their escape through the vessel walls and to use them as tracers in order to learn about their storage and localization during antibody formation. He observed that mice previously injected and then injected a second time some weeks later suffered intense anaphylactic shock.
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From page 295... ...
Without entering into detail, let me say that by means of very sensitive passive anaphylaxis experiments McMaster showed that the antigenic material itself and not the chromophoric group of the antigen persisted in very small amounts in the tissues of the experimental animals. Despite these findings, it still remained possible that the persistence of the protein antigens in donor mice might exist because the animals formed antibodies very poorly; hence the antigen might indeed persist because of a lack of antibody to destroy it.
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From page 296... ...
By following the fate of the tracer antigen, McMaster and his co-workers next attempted to study the mechanism of antibody formation under various conditions. Since the first step in the formation of an antibody appears to be the capture of the antigen by phagocytic cells or even other cellular types, it seemed likely that something might be learned by observing the fate of the tracer antigen in mice which had been stimulated to form antibodies but prevented from doing so by large doses of cortisone.
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From page 297... ...
These collaborative studies of Franzl and McMaster extended well over a decade, from 1956, when Franz.1 first came to the Rockefeller Institute, until and beyond McMaster's death. As Franzl has said in a communication to this writer, "our task was to clarify some of the early mechanisms involved in antibody formation in vivo, more specifically those pertaining to the cellular uptake and subsequent fate of antigens and their presumed role in the induction of immune processes." Sheep red blood cells were used as the antigen because of the exquisite quantitative method available for measuring the hemolysin formed.
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From page 298... ...
To be sure, this attempt has been brief, and if the reader wishes to learn in greater detail McMaster's scientific objectives and goals, he must of course refer to the scores of scientific contributions which appeared in various journals over the decades and were in great demand by scientists throughout the world, a demand evidenced by massive requests for reprints. A perusal of this bibliography impresses one with the diverse spheres of interest which McMaster had and which expanded over his many fruitful scientific years.
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From page 299... ...
He frequently entertained guests with his violin or his accordion, both of which he played with equal facility. His dress was at times a bit bizarre, for I saw him frequently on his way to the Rockefeller Institute, particularly in a snowstorm, dressed in the garb of a Maine woodsman, unconventional, to say the least, in the city of New York.
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Rous. Vicious activity of the gall bladder during biliary stasis.
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From page 301... ...
I Experimental cholelithiasis in the absence of stasis, infection and gall bladder influence.
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V The relation between urobilin and conditions involving increasing red cell destruction.
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The lymphatic participation in human cutaneous phenomena; a study of the minute lymphatics of the living skin.
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Med., 34:547. 1937 Changes in the cutaneous lymphatics of human beings and in the lymph flow under normal and pathological conditions.
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Med., 73:85. An inquiry into the structural conditions affecting fluid transport in the interstitial tissue of the skin.
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From page 306... ...
Changes in the circulation and in the permeability of vessels within and about mustard gas and Lewisite lesions of rabbit skin. Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Comm., Div.
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The persistence in mice of certain foreign proteins and azoprotein tracer antigens derived from them.
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From page 308... ...
II. Cellular responses of lymphoid tissue accompanying the enhancement or complete suppression of antibody formation by a bacterial endotoxin.
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