Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles Third Report (1997) / Chapter Skim
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SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Pages 8-30
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From page 8... ...
The Goal 3 vehicles should maintain or improve performance, size, utility, and total cost of ownership and operation of comparable 1994 family sedans and should meet or exceed federal safety and emissions requirements. The first major PNGV milestone, targeted for the end of calendar year 1997, is selection of the most promising technologies for the Goal 3 concept vehicles.
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From page 9... ...
engine, gas turbines, fuel cells, and Stirling engines) , energy storage technologies (batteries, flywheels, and ultracapacitors)
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From page 10... ...
During its second review, the committee expressed strong concern that the systems analysis effort had been significantly delayed by 12 to 18 months and that this delay was likely to jeopardize the technology downselect process scheduled for the end of 1997. That concern remains, although the committee notes that progress has been made since January 1996, when a contract was ultimately initiated to pursue aggressively the effort outlined in the PNGV Technical Roadmap.
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From page 11... ...
However, the production of relatively advanced small-displacement CIDI engines in Europe, and ongoing work to improve them, indicates that the PNGV CIDI performance goals, with the possible exception of emissions, are potentially achievable. The 1995 engine characteristic targets established by the PNGV CIDI technical team have been met or exceeded in test engines.
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From page 12... ...
Although, as noted above, there are significant risks that CIDI engines will not meet the PNGV goals, this technology is, by far, the best understood and most highly developed among the power plant technologies being pursued in the program. It is, therefore, highly likely that CIDI engine technology will be among the selected candidates for use in the year 2000 concept vehicles.
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From page 13... ...
The PNGV should review results from the General Motors/ DOE HEV program on an ongoing basis, and the potential use of a Stirling engine in a PNGV prototype vehicle should be assessed through appropriate vehicle systems, modeling, and packaging studies. Fuel Cells Current PNGV and worldwide efforts to develop fuel-cell power plants for cars focus on the proton-exchange-membrane (PEM)
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From page 14... ...
Resolution of the major technical and cost issues will require more funding, time, and effort than are currently available; thus, the prospect of reaching PNGV goals on schedule is low. Present high costs of commercial phosphoric-acid fuel cells used for stationary power, and the high cost of the materials used for PEM fuel-cell components indicate that costs must be reduced by about two orders of magnitude to meet the PNGV targets.
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From page 15... ...
The PNGV program has refined the performance and cost criteria for HEV energy storage based on assumed vehicle powertrain response modes. Because these criteria are not based on detailed vehicle systems analysis of performance requirements and cost trade-offs, they should be used as guides rather than as hard rules for selecting and developing batteries for hybrid vehicles.
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From page 16... ...
Based on these data and test data from promising nickel metal hydride batteries available from other sources, the PNGV should determine whether this technology offers advantages over lithiumion in hybrid applications and how these advantages might be captured for the Goal 3 vehicle. Flywheels Flywheels offer very attractive power-to-weight and power-to-volume characteristics for hybrid vehicles, both in delivering power and in recovering kinetic energy during braking.
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From page 17... ...
The PNGV should conduct appropriate systems studies to determine the prospects for ultracapacitors in hybrid vehicles in comparison with high power batteries and other energy storage devices, such as flywheels. Recommendation: Ultracapacitor activities for application to hybrid vehicles should be limited to basic and applied research at universities, national laboratories, and industrial R&D centers, aimed at fundamental advances and breakthroughs.
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From page 18... ...
Overall the committee concluded that very little was accomplished by the PNGV electrical and electronics power conversion devices team during the past year. The PNGV Technical Roadmap power electronic building block milestone for 1995 was not met, and at the current rate of accomplishment, the second milestone, established for 1997, will also be missed.
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From page 19... ...
A major portion of the manufacturing efforts for the Goal 3 vehicle should be directed towards identifying new manufacturing approaches for achieving significant cost reductions in all key system and subsystem areas. GOAL 1 The PNGV manufacturing team has conducted a comprehensive review of potentially useful projects and identified 10 projects for joint action by the USCAR and the federal government.
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From page 20... ...
The infrastructure analysis is an important tool for the PNGV program. As the PNGV continues to refine its technology knowledge base, it is important that the power plant configurations and fuel types being considered are accurately represented and evaluated with suitable infrastructure models as an integral part of the downselect process.
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From page 21... ...
Consequently, a primary downselect conclusion will be that some otherwise very promising technologies will not be fully demonstrable within the original PNGV time frame, especially nonconventional technologies, such as fuel cells, gas turbines, Stirling engines, flywheels, and ultracapacitors. Thus, the 1997 downselect will likely encompass, to a large degree, substantially improved and advanced versions of internal combustion engine and drivetrain technologies, batteries, vehicle structure, and manufacturing technologies.
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From page 22... ...
This is a significant issue because the CIDI engine is clearly a leading candidate for approaching PNGV Goal 3 objectives. Some very limited information presented by the PNGV to the committee on European and Japanese developments in fuel cells, gas turbines, and batteries indicates no evidence of major breakthroughs that would significantly impact the PNGV.
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From page 23... ...
catalyst demonstrating 30 percent NOx reduction · fabrication of ceramic gas turbine scrolls and rotors through a process with high-volume potential · survival of a glass-fiber-reinforced, composite front-end structure design in a 35 mph barrier crash test · development and construction of advanced technology demonstration vehicles, some of which incorporated requirements related to those of the PNGV, such as Ford's Synergy 2010, Chrysler's ESX, and General Motors EV-1 Despite significant progress in a number of critical areas, there continues to be a wide gulf between the current status of system and subsystem developments and the performance and cost requirements necessary to meet major PNGV milestones. Some of the technical barriers to achieving PNGV objectives can probably be overcome with sufficient funding and management attention; others require inventions and very significant technical breakthroughs.
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From page 24... ...
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From page 25... ...
The CIDI engine may be negatively impacted if EPA promulgates more stringent exhaust emissions standards for diesel engines. The successful development of fuel cells, Stirling engines, and gas turbines that meet or approach the cost and performance requirements of the PNGV program is substantially beyond the current time frame of the program.
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From page 26... ...
26 C~ au _ o C~ CQ _d a~ .
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From page 27... ...
27 o o o ~a.> o _ ~o ~ _ ._ ~so _ 5 .
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From page 28... ...
Meeting the PNGV schedule with credible concept vehicles for 2000 will demand greatly increased efforts in 1997. Currently, the committee is not aware of what PNGV would consider acceptable levels of performance for concept demonstration vehicles.
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From page 29... ...
· Obtain and re-allocate federal and industry funding to activities with promising technological potential within the time horizon and needs of the program. Conduct comprehensive assessments and benchmark foreign technology developments relevant to the PNGV.
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From page 30... ...
The relevance of certain ongoing R&D programs funded by these agencies to the PNGV technical objectives supports this view. PNGV's response indicated that it was satisfied with the interagency participation to the extent that project resources permit such cooperation.
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