Striking a Balance Improving Stewardship of Marine Areas (1997) / Chapter Skim
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6. Improving Marine Management
6. Improving Marine Management
Pages 103-116
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From page 103... ...
These tools could greatly improve marine governance within the existing institutional arrangements. Managing Conflicting Uses Users of the marine and coastal environment are imposing increasingly heavy costs on each other and on the marine environment and services.
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From page 104... ...
Especially in the near-shore environment, zoning is a relatively low-cost, effective management option for dealing with conflicting uses. In the marine and coastal environment, zoning has been used to segregate commercial, recreational, and aquacultural activities; to protect wildlife sanctuaries and the marine environment generally; and to isolate waste disposal sites.
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From page 105... ...
The government, as the steward of marine resources held in public trust, can recover the value of damages to natural resources from parties responsible for chemical and oil spills through CERCLA and OPA 90. Although laws are limited by the vagaries of judicial decisions and the difficulties inherent in determining fault under conditions at sea, laws establishing liability provide incentives for marine resource users to avoid inflicting damages on other users and to internalize external costs.
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From page 106... ...
In Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor in Washington state, oyster growers are required to obtain permits to treat aquatic oyster beds with coarbaryl, a pesticide used to control populations of ghost and mud shrimp. Under the authority of the Clean Water Act and the Rivers and Harbors Act, permits are needed from either the U.S.
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From page 107... ...
The allocation of limited rights can be carried out by various means, including "grandfathering" historical users or selling access rights. Aquaculture sites, for example, are leased to individuals and corporations in many coastal states.
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From page 108... ...
Although owners do not own specific segments of the fish stock, they do have strong incentives to invest in the stock and to protect fish habitats. When quota shares are traded in competitive markets, the share prices approximate the economic value of fish (Anderson and Leal, 1996~.
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From page 109... ...
Theoretically, if private costs equal social costs, the efficient use of resources will be encouraged. Permit and license fees for boaters, commercial and recreational fishermen, tour and dive boat operators, waste dischargers, and other users have typically been low and cover only administrative costs.
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From page 110... ...
User charges and related expenditures can also be useful as private sector management tools. For example, in a fishery with limits on group access, the problem of overcapitalization could be addressed by the fishery association financing a buyout program with fees levied on the members of the association.
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From page 111... ...
Not only were stocks rebuilt, but the increase in inland sport fishing also gave Iceland a boost in employment and income (Anderson and Leal, 1996~. In 1996, the minister of fisheries and oceans of British Columbia implemented a license retirement program as part of a Pacific salmon revitalization plan with the goal of reducing the capacity of the West Coast commercial salmon fleet by 20 percent.
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From page 112... ...
Because few people are on the water to see what goes on, violations of regulations are difficult to detect. Although the majority of firms and individuals working in the marine environment are lawabiding, the minority creates an enforcement problem.
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From page 113... ...
Fees on sport fishing licenses generate considerable revenues for estuarine and marine management, depending on the strength of the regional sport fishing industry. Under this program, no one is allowed to fish in the Chesapeake Bay or its tributaries up to the tidal boundaries without first obtaining a Chesapeake Bay Sport Fishing License.2 In addition to the basic license, special licenses must be obtained for charter boats or senior citizens.
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From page 114... ...
Fees for sport fishing licenses can be used to fund management of the marine fish stock and sport fishing bases. License fees used to generate revenue for estuarine and marine management could be extended to other recreational activities, such as boating.
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From page 115... ...
Once a CWD has been established, a citizens advisory committee determines priorities for controlling pollution. Counties finance CWD programs through taxes, fees, rates, charges for specified protection programs, and grants or loans from other sources.
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From page 116... ...
Direct regulation has proven to be cumbersome and often ineffective. The benefits of other approaches, especially approaches that attempt to reconcile private economic incentives with the overall objectives of resource management, have not yet been fully realized.
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