Striking a Balance Improving Stewardship of Marine Areas (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Background Paper: Issues in Marine Area Governance and Management
Appendix B: Background Paper: Issues in Marine Area Governance and Management
Pages 136-156
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From page 136... ...
A broad spectrum of representatives of private industry, public agencies, public interest groups, and the academic ocean policy community were invited to air their views on the need for a national strategy to manage the nation's coastal and ocean resources and space. Based on the proceedings of the forum, the Marine Board requested and received NRC project initiation funds to identify and appraise emerging issues in marine area management.
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From page 137... ...
It is, perhaps, ironic that while legal regimes for the management of resources operate on a statute-by-statute basis, each area of interest may at the same time be subject to a plethora of other regulatory management regimes. Except for the modest, but important, marine sanctuaries program and a few emerging state programs, the nation does not have the capability to plan and manage ocean regions on an area-wide, multipurpose, or ecological basis; nor is there an agreed upon process for making trade-offs and resolving conflicts among various interests.
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From page 138... ...
Certain statutes, such as the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, have also established processes with some of the characteristics of marine area management. Until recently, prohibiting or severely limiting certain activities, such as exploiting energy resources or commercial and/or recreational fishing, in specific ocean areas has been the primary strategy for controlling development.
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From page 139... ...
The EPA has several ongoing regional planning programs that directly address the uses and management of ocean regions, such as the Gulf of Mexico; they are also responsible for designating and managing ocean dump sites. EPA is the lead federal agency for preparing and promoting implementation of the National Estuary Program.
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From page 140... ...
Unresolved Conflicts over Uses of the Marine Environment Increased competition over uses of the marine environment often leads to conflicts and stalemate. These conflicts have many different manifestations.
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From page 141... ...
An additional factor is the continuing release of man-made materials into the marine environment, either wastes or the residual from petroleum or pesticides. In addition, there is growing evidence that, in the future, stresses on marine resources from changes in climate will further limit the resiliency of the natural system to survive the pressures of human utilization.
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From page 142... ...
The national interest in the marine environment can be deduced from a variety of sources and is defined and embodied in national policies for the oceans. Society is made up of groups and individuals with a range of social values and economic expectations.
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From page 143... ...
Scientific Validity Governance systems would be supported by known biological, physical, chemical, and ecological facts and principles while recognizing that cultural and social norms might influence decisions. Terrestrial Connectivity Marine governance systems would be seamlessly joined to adjacent terrestrial systems, such as coastal zone management programs and state land use regimes.
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From page 144... ...
Wise management of a particular resource will require that action be taken in a variety of arenas. The current era of single resource management must give way to an era that allows and even forces management schemes that take into account the full spectrum of economic, social, and ecological uses of the marine environment.
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From page 145... ...
Improved governance must incorporate adaptive environmental management processes in order to be responsive to constant changes and to make better use of scientific information to protect the environment. Outcome-based monitoring can be an important tool for adaptive management.
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From page 146... ...
A final report might include a chapter or appendix briefly summarizing and reviewing the relevant literature and describing the general precepts of adaptive environmental management to governance in the marine area.
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From page 147... ...
A1though the primary objective of the sanctuaries program is to protect specific marine resources of exceptional value, it does this through a process that allows for the analysis and management of a multiplicity of uses within the identified area of the marine sanctuary. Evaluating a sanctuary program in relation to the objectives and elements identified in this issues paper would be extremely valuable.
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From page 148... ...
· New Approaches to Management of Marine Areas: the National Estuary Program and State Ocean Plans. At least two new approaches to the management of marine areas are at an early stage of development.
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From page 149... ...
are being designated. Other attempts to manage multipleuse marine areas are also under way (e.g., designated national estuaries under EPA's National Estuary Program, areas designated for special management in state coastal plans)
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From page 150... ...
; an area where a moratorium on energy resource development is in effect to assess the benefits and costs of the moratorium and explore other options for resolving disputes over resource development (e.g., Gulf of Maine) ; and an ocean area of intense use for various activities, including commercial marine transportation or commercial fisheries, to learn more about the relationship between marine traffic management and marine environmental management (e.g.
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From page 151... ...
(Bud) Ehler Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment, NOAA Tim Eichenberg Center for Marine Conservation Richard A
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From page 152... ...
Thornton Coastal Resources Center San Francisco, California
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From page 153... ...
Category 1: Closed Areas Closed areas include refugia where harvesting fish or other living marine resources is prohibited; moratoria, areas closed to resource exploration, development, or harvesting; and areas where a certain class of use is restricted for the purpose of ensuring the sustainability of resources or in response to concerns about potential environmental damage. Closed areas differ from sensitive sea areas (Category 4)
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From page 154... ...
Criteria: A marine managed area is considered a research area if it is managed specifically for the purpose of protecting the site so that research can be undertaken with a minimum of extrinsic variability. Examples: Long-term ecological research sites, National Estuarine Research Reserves, core areas within biosphere reserves, scientific research zones in multiple use marine parks (e.g., Great Barrier Reef Marine Park)
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From page 155... ...
Objective: To safeguard particularly vulnerable habitat types, such as diverse coral reef systems, by declaring areas off-limits for certain types of shipping and boating and resource extraction. Criteria: A marine management area is considered a sensitive sea area if it is of high biological value, vulnerable, threatened, and officially designated as such by the IMO.
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From page 156... ...
Objective: To coordinate management of ocean space, coastal land use, resource extraction, and other activities that take place in or impact a coastal zone for the purpose of minimizing conflict, maximizing management efficiency, and safeguarding the resource base and ecological processes. Criteria: A marine management area is considered an integrated management zone if specific legislation and administrative structures exist to coordinate all conservation and resource use activities in that area.
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