Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research, 1997 Pp.
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budgetary constraints, coupled with the need to stay at the forefront of research, dictate that careful consideration be given to identifying the best available and emerging technologies and making priority decisions regarding which ones should be undertaken directly by the military, which deserve investment of funds to foster military applications, and which are best left to the private sector. The Committee's Task As part of its responsibility to the Military Nutrition Division (MND)
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TABLE 1-1 Questions Posed by the Army State of the Art Will the technologies be a significant improvement over current technologies? Maturity and Availability How likely are the technologies to mature sufficiently for practical use?
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Key to the performance requirements is understanding how nutritional status affects physical and cognitive performance and long-term health. The research program to provide the knowledge about these relationships is discussed by James A
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of specific methods are provided by Steven Heymsfield and coworkers, Wendy M Kohrt, and Wm.
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changes in hydration level or differences because of race (ethnicity) or gender.
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demonstrate that more development is necessary. In addition, DXA is expensive (analyzer costs range from $120,000 to $150,000)
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factors that influence intraindividual hydrational status, such as fluid intake, physical activity, nutritional status, illness, and environmental factors (Kushner et al., 1996)
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According to Heymsfield and coworkers (see Chapter 5 in this volume) , the primary disadvantage of MRI is the preclusion from study until recently of individuals with claustrophobia and the very obese.
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capacity (Fitzgerald et al., 1986; Johnson et al., 1994)
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tissue and fat mass, in a pre-and posttreatment type of design. Although useful in the laboratory, the techniques of DXA, MRI, and CAT were acknowledged to be generally impractical for field use because of their cost and relative immobility.
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rate and relative amount of metabolic substrate oxidation and gluconeogenesis using 13C-and 2H-labeled forms of glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids (see Bier and Wolfe, Chapters 8 and 9 in this volume)
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Young et al., Chapter 10 in this volume)
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nuclei with particles generated by a cyclotron. These atoms can be incorporated into a variety of biological fuels (glucose, oxygen, and fatty acids)
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Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, Calif., 1996)
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contact time for determining the metabolic cost of locomotion, and Donald Bodenner on near-infrared spectroscopy for measuring plasma metabolites (see Chapters 12, 14, and 15 in this volume)
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an integrated value for average daily energy expenditure over 4 to 21 days and cannot clearly differentiate energy requirements on individual days (Coward, 1990)
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The disadvantages of the device, according to the authors, include the failure to determine total energy expenditure or that for upper-body work; the need to incorporate body weight, which may change over time and while carrying heavy equipment; and the inability to account for up-and downhill movement. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Plasma Metabolites In Chapter 15 in this volume, Donald Bodenner discusses the development of techniques using NIR spectroscopy to measure the concentration of organic compounds in complex mixtures such as food and blood.
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stable isotopes of water to measure average expenditure over a given time period. The technique is relatively expensive to employ, and analysis of the data requires considerable care.
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sequence in their promoter regions (Lefrancois-Martinez et al., 1994; Shih et al., 1995)
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(the noncoding or nonsense strand of DNA that is complementary to a region encoding a gene or its control sequence)
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involved in the use of these techniques in general and the choice of cell types for investigations of particular questions. He emphasizes that cellular responses to stimuli, in his case to the stimulus of hypoxic stress, are dependent on the cell type, the nature of the stress, and the environment (cellular, exocrine, and endocrine)
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improved methods of immunization, particularly oral vaccines directed against gastrointestinal and respiratory pathogens. In this section, Lyle L
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for immunoassays adds confounding factors, such as inhibitors (Virella et al., 1988)
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patients with most types of acute inflammation, that is, in those exhibiting an acute-phase response (Waage et al., 1989)
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Field Measurements of Cytokines. The difficulty of collecting blood samples in the field necessitates validating the use of urinary cytokine values as a reflection of those in blood (or tissue)
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trend has shifted to looking at more physiologically relevant end points, such as the release of one of the interleukins, IL-2. Because IL-2 release is often decreased even when mitogenic indices are normal or elevated, IL-2 release may be a sensitive index of regulatory abnormalities affecting initial stages of Thelper cell proliferation (Virella et al., 1993)
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percent of synthesized immunoglobulin is IgA, and two different types of cells are required for its synthesis and assembly (Mostov, 1994)
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Use of Enterotoxins as Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants As has been described, the binding subunits of enterotoxins such as CT and LT are potent antigens for both mucosal IgA production and peripheral IgG production, regardless of route of administration. Coadministration of a relatively weak antigen of interest with CT, or conjugation of the antigen with CT subunit B (CTB)
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for that binding (Jacob et al., 1991, 1993; Marks et al., 1991)
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appear normal. While such assays require freshly isolated cells, precluding collection of samples in the field, experiments could be designed around training exercises.
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Involuntary Muscle Contraction to Assess Nutritional Status Skeletal muscle function has been studied by measuring both handgrip strength (voluntary contraction) and the response to electrical stimulation of the branch of the ulnar nerve that innervates the adductor pollicis (thumb)
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Application of Cognitive Performance Assessment Technology to Military Nutrition Research The field of military nutrition is based on the premise that readiness, hence physical and cognitive performance, are dependent, in part, on the nutritional state of soldiers. While it is known that cognitive performance in the military setting is influenced by nutrition (Consolazio et al., 1967, 1968; Johnson and Sauberlich, 1982; Johnson et al., 1971)
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time (see Lieberman and Coffey, Chapter 25 in this volume) , and the tests used must be reliable under field conditions.
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variables, such as air temperature, sound, and duration and amplitude of light exposure of the subject so that an attempt can be made to correlate the level of vigilance with these variables. The Vigilance Monitor has a number of advantages over traditional methods of cognitive assessment.
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fully interactive, virtual environment. The IDS provides the subject with realistic motion and visual, auditory, and force feedback cues to simulate a wide range of driving conditions and scenarios (Kuhl et al., 1995)
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Baker, D., and K.H. Norris 1985 Near-infrared reflectance measurement of total sugar content of breakfast cereals.
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Consolazio, C.F., L.O. Matoush, H.L.
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Eldridge, J.H., C.J. Hammond, J.A.
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Friedl, K.E. 1992 Body composition and military performance: Origins of the Army standards.
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Hodgdon, J.A., P.I. Fitzgerald, and J.A.
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Jacob, J., J Przylepa, C
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Kushner, R.F., G Gudivaka, and D.A.
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Michalek, S.M., J.H. Eldridge, R
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Peltola, H., A Sittonen, H
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Russell, D.M., P.J. Prendergast, P.L.
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Suter, P.M., S Suter, E
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Westphal, K.A., N
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