Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research, 1997 Pp.
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One of the major factors complicating the selection of immune function parameters is the complexity of the immune system and the existence of regulatory networks, which tend to involve most defined cell populations and effector molecules in a complex set of interactions (Figure 21-1) and are difficult to dissect into separate measurable units with well-defined rationales.
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Cell-mediated immunity is most important for the elimination of intracellular microorganisms. This can be achieved by (1)
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(Virella, 1993a, e; Virella and Hyman, 1991)
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Figure 21-3 Longitudinal evolution of serum IgA levels in two groups of human volunteers, one whose diet was supplemented with fish oil (n = 7) and the other whose diet was supplemented with olive oil (n = 6)
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When the ability to mount an immune response is evaluated, two approaches are possible. One is to study the response to an antigen that is unlikely to have been encountered previously by the subject (primary response)
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use of active immune responses as parameters in studies concerned with abnormalities in immunoregulation. In the groups of healthy volunteers in which the response to immunization with tetanus toxoid has been studied, there always have been subjects who fail to respond (Virella et al., 1978, 1991)
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Study of Humoral Immune Responses Elicited In Vitro In clinical studies of patients with an unexpectedly high frequency of infectious episodes, it has been observed that a lack of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis stimulation may be the only abnormality detected. However, in studies of the effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil, consistent differences could not be detected using in vitro immunoglobulin or antibody synthesis as end points (Virella et al., 1991)
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However, the enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulations has not fulfilled the overoptimistic expectations that were raised by the studies reporting the identification of membrane markers and the definition of functional subsets based on membrane marker phenotypes. Part of the problem results from the less-thanperfect correlation between membrane markers and function.
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(Schedlowski et al., 1992; Sieber et al., 1992; Villa et al., 1991)
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the data by expressing them as a function of urine osmolarity or some other parameter that may reflect variations in urinary volume. Information is still somewhat limited concerning the possibility of finding significant correlations between the levels of circulating cytokines or soluble membrane receptors-markers and the status of the immune system.
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with pokeweed mitogen or phytohemagglutinin using standard ELISA methodology. In the authors' experience, it is not unusual to find individuals with normal or even elevated mitogenic indices when release of IL-2 is below normal (Table 21-1)
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Figure 21-6 Comparison of the percentage of lymphocytes from 11 medical students and 10 control subjects expressing the CD25+ after 72 hours of culture in the presence of anti-CD3. The students were studied during the week before medical board examinations (cross-hatched bars)
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TABLE 21-2 CD25 Expression, Stress Intrusion Score, and Frequency of Upper Respiratory Infections in 19 Panic Disorder Patients and 18 Normal Controls Variable Control Group Mean (SD) PD Group Mean (SD)
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preparations are constituted largely by neutrophils, and any functional tests carried out with these preparations are essentially neutrophil function tests. Acquired neutrophil abnormalities are most frequently a consequence of the depletion of this important cell population (acquired agranulocytosis)
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it is absolutely impossible to devise a protocol in which they could be incorporated. In conclusion, many variables need to be considered when choosing the parameters to measure immune function in relation to variables such as nutritional factors.
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Gergen, P.J., G.M. McQuillan, M
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Ribeiro, R.A. 1994 IL-8 causes in vivo neutrophil migration by a cell-dependent mechanism.
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Virella, G., T Thompson, and R
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ies with the Army or in China, and what we have come to find out now is that if we optimize our sensitivity in a mitogen-induced whole-blood system, the CV [coefficient of variation] values are down at 17 or 20 percent in comparison to the cytokines produced from whole blood in the cultures, which are up in the 50 to 60 percent range.
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