Reducing the Costs of Space Science Research Missions Proceedings of a Workshop (1997) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX C: PAPERS SUBMITTED BY OPENING SESSION PRESENTERS
APPENDIX C: PAPERS SUBMITTED BY OPENING SESSION PRESENTERS
Pages 22-59
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Redd, Utah State University Summary of Techniques for Reducing Space Mission Costs, 48 Wiley J Larson, International Space University and U.S.
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(This list is contained in the Statement of Task in Appendix A.) I will add three more: the definition of success, the use of software to reduce hardware and mission costs, and the use of ultraquality parts to reduce testing costs.
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Life-cycle costs and their annual cost profiles. · Improving schedule to reduce costs.
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That last 10 percent in capability or elaborate detail can be a back breaker. An important thing to remember about cost reductions is that they come in different flavors.
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In short, quality makes money. Improving Schedules to Reduce Costs From time to time assertions have been made that project costs can be saved by optimum scheduling.
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Upgrading or Block Changing? The effectiveness of upgrading as a way of cost reduction as opposed to block changes depends on where in the upgrading S curve the item is.
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I will address here only the first component. Using Software to Reduce Hardware and Mission Costs Where are the opportunities for using software to reduce costs?
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All things considered, it would seem the better part of wisdom to use only COTS coming from the same or similar programs and subject to the same acceptance tests. HEURISTIC GUIDELINES FOR COST REDUCTION Simplify!
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RAND is currently studying small spacecraft missions and their future in space science missions. This briefing provides a review of this on-going study and highlights from a recent RAND workshop covering trends in the development of small spacecraft.
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They also provide platforms for testing cost reduction strategies that have implications for programs of all sizes. Competitiveness is another economic advantage inherent in small spacecraft.
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ANALYSIS OF SMALL SPACECRAFT PROGRAMS Smaller spacecraft are certainly faster and cheaper to build, but whether they are better is open to some debate. The content of NASA' s science program has ITF
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The chart shows that many small space craft, in a relative sense, are more expensive than larger ones. The chart also 3Space Science for the 21St Century, NASA Office of Space Science, August, 1995, p.
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60. Figueroa, SAMPEX, in Wertz and Larson, Reducing Space Mission Cost, 1996.
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Although real savings have been realized from the advanced practices being used to build the current generation of spacecraft, there are some reasons for concern. In the drive to reduce mission cost it is essential not to overlook hidden costs which can cause: Lessons not to be learned in small spacecraft programs there is usually little time or money to document team experiences.
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Hidden costs often lie within programs (poor profits, employee over load, creative bookkeeping .
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Save a portion of the technology budget for projects unrelated to future missions strong R&D base. Technology roadmaps bear no relation to budgets.
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CONCLUSION The purpose of this NRC workshop is to explore new ways to reduce mission cost. Significant effort has already been directed at the challenge of simultaneously reducing cost and increasing performance.
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and radio source Transition Region and Coronal Explorer Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission Wide-Field Infrared Explorer Tracking and Data Relay Satellite X-Ray Timing Explorer
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There is a useful discussion of the influence of technology on space mission costs in Reducing Space Mission Cost (see Ch. 3 in Wertz and Larson, 1996~.
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The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) design philosophy allowed the use of new technology only when it could be shown to directly reduce mission cost.
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Again, details are provided in the New Millennium Program Technology Roadmaps. Some flight validation will take place on the first technology demonstration flight, Deep Space 1, in late 1997 (NASA, 1995~.
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The introduction of graphite/epoxy into spacecraft structures has already happened (e.g., the use of graphite/epoxy in the recently launched Mars Global Surveyor reduced the mass to one half that of the Mars Observer)
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ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AND CONTROL The penetration of nearly all space missions by small spacecraft has driven attitude determination and control (AD&C) technology very hard.
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The impact of future technology development on future space mission costs and performance will be significant. REFERENCES Caldwell, D.B., C.L.
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There are several approaches to reducing space mission costs, and the key is to carefully select and implement an integrated combination of the approaches for a program. Potential cost reduction approaches include the following: use policy issues that affect cost to reduce cost limit the acquisition process to a shorter time manage the requirements process develop and employ cost-effective mission concepts emphasize reducing costs while managing the program incorporate the design, development, and test of spacecraft to reduce cost emphasize mission operations and ground infrastructure concepts consider technology to reduce cost SUMMARY OF POLICY ISSUES THAT CAN AFFECT COST Develop and implement Department of Defense (DOD)
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Then provide incentives for government and contractors to reduce cost don't penalize your program team for taking calculated risks. MANAGE THE REQUIREMENTS PROCESS TO FACILITATE REDUCING COST Identify and implement a process for managing requirements that provides the user or customer what they need; however, generate fiscally responsible requirements, and make a concerted effort to identify the truly difficult and costly requirements.
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Use increased spacecraft margins to reduce cost because it provides more flexibility and makes the system more robust during the development and operations phases. It can also reduce operations, engineering, and manufacturing costs.
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Fly operational demos in addition to tech demos the philosophy and approach may be different. Technologies to reduce mission operations cost include autonomous orbit determination and maintenance, on-board data processing and health monitoring, standardized communication interfaces, use of spacecraft command language, and on-board
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We've seen many useful approaches and many examples of how to reduce cost, but the strongest approach is to select a combination of approaches that suit a program's particular needs.
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The themes of the Mars Exploration Program are to understand Life, Climate and Resources on Mars, with these themes tied together by the common thread of Water. The Mars Exploration Program comprises at least one Discovery mission (Mars Pathfinder)
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Dr. Daniel McCleese of JPL, the Mars Exploration Program Scientist, and Dr.
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BASELINE MISSION SET All of these missions must be done within the very tight cost constraints of the Mars Exploration Program. The entire program over the next 10 years will be conducted for about one-third the cost of the Viking missions which orbited and landed on Mars twenty years ago.
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with New Millennium Micro-Lander FIGURE C-6 Mars Exploration Program strategy.
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Through competitive procurements, Lockheed Martin Astronautics of Denver, Colorado, has been selected as JPL's industrial partner for Mars Global Surveyor, and for at least the subsequent set of Surveyor missions to be flown in 1998. In late 1998, Mars Surveyor '98 will launch an orbiter and a lander on a Delta 7325 "Med-lite" launch vehicle.
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The Mars Exploration Program will be a "customer" for this new technology, and some of the New Millennium demonstrations may "piggyback" on Mars missions. For 1998 the feasibility of the Mars Surveyor '98 lander carrying one or two New Millennium "microlanders" to Mars is being studied.
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which will be important for human space flights to Mars. Over the next couple of decades the robotic part of the Mars Exploration Program will result in a detailed understanding of Mars, which is of interest not only to scientists but to understanding more about the Earth's environment, and eventually, for future human exploration.
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