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From page 565... ... ,186187 Assessment of drugs, see Drug assessment of medical devices, see Medical device assessment technology, see Medical technology assessment B Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 23 Battelle Memorial Institute, 55, 301-307, 334 BCBS, see Blue Cross and Blue Shield Beta-carotene trial, 509 Bias, 80 Blue Cross and Blue Shield (BCBS) , 2, 33, 38, 53-54, 194-195, 213, 214, 215, 262, 275, 276, 278, 308-327 Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, 321-323 Boston Collaborative Drug Project, 122 Boston Elbow, 434-435 British Department of Health and Social Services, 20 British National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (Oxford) Read the entire page →
From page 566... ... , 129, 213, 275-285 Clinical evaluation, 4, 8-9, 176-207 Clinical situation, 178 Clinical Study Results (summary) , 351-354 Clinical trials, 4, 6, 7 basic descriptive material, 495 blinding, 497-498 checklist for comparative, 493-494 comparative, 490-501 compliance, 498 cost-effectiveness model for, 508-509 examples of, 509-510 international, 231-232 national expenditures for, 37-39 NHLBI and, 376 physicians and, 185-187 power, 500 random allocation, 496-497 reporting, 491-500 sample size, 495 selection of patients, 495-496 statistical methods and analysis, 499-500 INDEX tabulation of outcomes, 499 treatment complications, 499 treatments, 498 withdrawals/loss to follow-up, 498-499 see also Randomized controlled/clinical trials Cluster approach, 128 CME, see Continuing medical education Cohort studies, 117-118 College of American Pathologists, 313 Commission d'Authorisation de Mise sur le Marche (CAMM) Read the entire page →
From page 567... ... , 155-156, 234, 344-346, 518-519 Endoscopy in dyspepsia, 282-285 Environmental constraints and incentives, 179 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , 306 Epidemiologic methods, 116-120 capabilities and limitations of, 119 strenghening uses of, 119-120 uses of, 117-118 ESO, see Electro Spinal Orthosis ESRD, see End-stage renal disease Ethical issues, 154-159 experience in addressing, 157-158 term, 258 Ethics of investigation, 158-159 European Economic Community, 234, 235 European Free Trade Association, 234 Evaluation, 176-177 diagnostic technologies and, 80-89 diffusion as affected by, 182-185 evidence about effects of, on diffusion, 185-195 of medical and social experiments, 506-513 medical practices and, 193-194 methods of, 80-89, 179-180 physicians and, 185-195 primary, physicians and, 185 regulation and, 195-196 studies, 198-207 Read the entire page →
From page 568... ... , 4, 11, 13, 18, 27, 38-41, 47-52, 56, 59-62, 105, 121-122, 177, 179, 195-196, 213, 224-225, 229, 237, 244, 306, 321, 349-350, 359-360, 454, 481, 507, 545, 561-562 Freedom of Information Act, 108 G General Accounting Office, U.S., 2, 42, 312, 428 Georgetown University, 334 Government, federal, see Federal government Grab samples, 96 Group Health Association of America, 56 Group Health of Puget Sound (GHC) , 56, 57, 521524 Group judgment methods, 129-136 designed for health issues, 131-135 formal, 130-131 strengthening, 135-136 Group practice, prepaid, 515-524 randomized controlled trial with, 525-528 H Hartford Foundation, 278 Harvard Community Health Plan, 56, 57, 520-521 Hastings Center, 38, 55, 63, 334-342 Hawthorne effect, 532-533 HCA, see Hospital Corporation of America HCFA, see Health Care Financing Administration HCT, see Historically controlled trial HDP, see Health Devices Program Health and Population Study Center (Battelle Memorial Institute) Read the entire page →
From page 569... ... , 406-408 Liver transplantation, 397-404 M Mammary artery ligation, internal, 17-18 Manpower for technology assessment, 248 Massachusetts Hospital Association (MHA) , 54 Mathematical modeling, 144-154 background of, 145 example of, 146, 164-166 limitations of, 150-152 role of, 146-147 strengthening, 152-153 types of, 148-149 uses of, 147-148 validation of, 149-150 Matching, 491 Mayo Clinic, 56, 96 MDR, see Medical device reporting Medicaid, 43, 113, 214, 215, 221, 543, 544, 550, 554-564 Medical and social experiment, evaluation of costeffectiveness of, 506-513 569 Medical associations, 54-55. Read the entire page →
From page 570... ... , 37 National Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 111 National Survey of Family Growth, 122 Navy Medical Research and Development Command, U.S., 45 NCHCT, see National Center for Health Care Technology NCHS, see National Center for Health Statistics NCHSRHCTA, see National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment NCI, see National Cancer Institute Negative trials, 492-493 New drug application (NDA) , 47 NOT see Nominal group technique NHDS, see National Hospital Discharge Survey NHLBI, see National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NHS, see National Health Service NIH, see National Institutes of Health NIHR, see National Institute for Handicapped Research NLM, see National Library of Medicine Read the entire page →
From page 571... ... , 343-346 Pharmaceutical firms, international, 235, 239 Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) , 3-4, 37-38, 46, 47, 56, 61 Phase IV studies, 48 Physicians clinical trials and, 185-187 evaluation and, 185-195 primary evaluation impact on, 185 RCTs and, 187-193 PMA, see Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association PMAA, see Premarket approval application Policy research groups, 55 Poliomyelitis, paralytic, 17 Population information, 503-504 Postmarketing studies, 4, 48 Postmarketing surveillance of drugs, 240-241 Potential adopter, 179 Practice setting, 179 Predictive value positive and predictive value negative, 82-83 Premarket approval application (PMAA) Read the entire page →
From page 572... ... , 324-327 Series capabilities and limitations of, 91-92 clear-cut, 94-95 INDEX of consecutive eases, 90, 92-94 description of, 90 grab samples and, 96 integrity of counting, 92 interfering variables and, 90-91 interpretation of, 90, 92-94 leek of randomization and, 93-94 protocol and, 92-93 subgroups and, 95 temporal drift and, 96 Serum alpha-fetoprotein, 518 Significance levels, 125 cumulation of, 127 Smith Kline & French Cost-Benefit Studies (SK&F-CBS) , 451-468 Soeial issues, 154-159 Soeial Seeurity Aet, 212 Soeial Seeurity Aet Amendments, 212, 221, 250 Soeial Seeurity Administration, 355 Soeial Seeurity Reform Aet of 1983, 10, 42, 215 Southern California, technology assessment in, 520 Specificity, term, 82 Speech impairments, 430-431 SPRI, see Swedish Planning and Rationalization Institute of Health Serviees Standard error (SE) Read the entire page →
From page 573... ... , 221 Uniform Medical Policy, 321-327 University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) , 159, 187-188, 189-190 573 V VA, see Veterans Administration Ventilators, critical care, 333 Veterans Administration (VA) Read the entire page →

From page 565...

... ,186187 Assessment of drugs, see Drug assessment of medical devices, see Medical device assessment technology, see Medical technology assessment B Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 23 Battelle Memorial Institute, 55, 301-307, 334 BCBS, see Blue Cross and Blue Shield Beta-carotene trial, 509 Bias, 80 Blue Cross and Blue Shield (BCBS) , 2, 33, 38, 53-54, 194-195, 213, 214, 215, 262, 275, 276, 278, 308-327 Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, 321-323 Boston Collaborative Drug Project, 122 Boston Elbow, 434-435 British Department of Health and Social Services, 20 British National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (Oxford)

Read the entire page →

From page 566...

... , 129, 213, 275-285 Clinical evaluation, 4, 8-9, 176-207 Clinical situation, 178 Clinical Study Results (summary) , 351-354 Clinical trials, 4, 6, 7 basic descriptive material, 495 blinding, 497-498 checklist for comparative, 493-494 comparative, 490-501 compliance, 498 cost-effectiveness model for, 508-509 examples of, 509-510 international, 231-232 national expenditures for, 37-39 NHLBI and, 376 physicians and, 185-187 power, 500 random allocation, 496-497 reporting, 491-500 sample size, 495 selection of patients, 495-496 statistical methods and analysis, 499-500 INDEX tabulation of outcomes, 499 treatment complications, 499 treatments, 498 withdrawals/loss to follow-up, 498-499 see also Randomized controlled/clinical trials Cluster approach, 128 CME, see Continuing medical education Cohort studies, 117-118 College of American Pathologists, 313 Commission d'Authorisation de Mise sur le Marche (CAMM)

Read the entire page →

From page 567...

... , 155-156, 234, 344-346, 518-519 Endoscopy in dyspepsia, 282-285 Environmental constraints and incentives, 179 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , 306 Epidemiologic methods, 116-120 capabilities and limitations of, 119 strenghening uses of, 119-120 uses of, 117-118 ESO, see Electro Spinal Orthosis ESRD, see End-stage renal disease Ethical issues, 154-159 experience in addressing, 157-158 term, 258 Ethics of investigation, 158-159 European Economic Community, 234, 235 European Free Trade Association, 234 Evaluation, 176-177 diagnostic technologies and, 80-89 diffusion as affected by, 182-185 evidence about effects of, on diffusion, 185-195 of medical and social experiments, 506-513 medical practices and, 193-194 methods of, 80-89, 179-180 physicians and, 185-195 primary, physicians and, 185 regulation and, 195-196 studies, 198-207

Read the entire page →

From page 568...

... , 4, 11, 13, 18, 27, 38-41, 47-52, 56, 59-62, 105, 121-122, 177, 179, 195-196, 213, 224-225, 229, 237, 244, 306, 321, 349-350, 359-360, 454, 481, 507, 545, 561-562 Freedom of Information Act, 108 G General Accounting Office, U.S., 2, 42, 312, 428 Georgetown University, 334 Government, federal, see Federal government Grab samples, 96 Group Health Association of America, 56 Group Health of Puget Sound (GHC) , 56, 57, 521524 Group judgment methods, 129-136 designed for health issues, 131-135 formal, 130-131 strengthening, 135-136 Group practice, prepaid, 515-524 randomized controlled trial with, 525-528 H Hartford Foundation, 278 Harvard Community Health Plan, 56, 57, 520-521 Hastings Center, 38, 55, 63, 334-342 Hawthorne effect, 532-533 HCA, see Hospital Corporation of America HCFA, see Health Care Financing Administration HCT, see Historically controlled trial HDP, see Health Devices Program Health and Population Study Center (Battelle Memorial Institute)

Read the entire page →

From page 569...

... , 406-408 Liver transplantation, 397-404 M Mammary artery ligation, internal, 17-18 Manpower for technology assessment, 248 Massachusetts Hospital Association (MHA) , 54 Mathematical modeling, 144-154 background of, 145 example of, 146, 164-166 limitations of, 150-152 role of, 146-147 strengthening, 152-153 types of, 148-149 uses of, 147-148 validation of, 149-150 Matching, 491 Mayo Clinic, 56, 96 MDR, see Medical device reporting Medicaid, 43, 113, 214, 215, 221, 543, 544, 550, 554-564 Medical and social experiment, evaluation of costeffectiveness of, 506-513 569 Medical associations, 54-55.

Read the entire page →

From page 570...

... , 37 National Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 111 National Survey of Family Growth, 122 Navy Medical Research and Development Command, U.S., 45 NCHCT, see National Center for Health Care Technology NCHS, see National Center for Health Statistics NCHSRHCTA, see National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment NCI, see National Cancer Institute Negative trials, 492-493 New drug application (NDA) , 47 NOT see Nominal group technique NHDS, see National Hospital Discharge Survey NHLBI, see National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NHS, see National Health Service NIH, see National Institutes of Health NIHR, see National Institute for Handicapped Research NLM, see National Library of Medicine

Read the entire page →

From page 571...

... , 343-346 Pharmaceutical firms, international, 235, 239 Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) , 3-4, 37-38, 46, 47, 56, 61 Phase IV studies, 48 Physicians clinical trials and, 185-187 evaluation and, 185-195 primary evaluation impact on, 185 RCTs and, 187-193 PMA, see Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association PMAA, see Premarket approval application Policy research groups, 55 Poliomyelitis, paralytic, 17 Population information, 503-504 Postmarketing studies, 4, 48 Postmarketing surveillance of drugs, 240-241 Potential adopter, 179 Practice setting, 179 Predictive value positive and predictive value negative, 82-83 Premarket approval application (PMAA)

Read the entire page →

From page 572...

... , 324-327 Series capabilities and limitations of, 91-92 clear-cut, 94-95 INDEX of consecutive eases, 90, 92-94 description of, 90 grab samples and, 96 integrity of counting, 92 interfering variables and, 90-91 interpretation of, 90, 92-94 leek of randomization and, 93-94 protocol and, 92-93 subgroups and, 95 temporal drift and, 96 Serum alpha-fetoprotein, 518 Significance levels, 125 cumulation of, 127 Smith Kline & French Cost-Benefit Studies (SK&F-CBS) , 451-468 Soeial issues, 154-159 Soeial Seeurity Aet, 212 Soeial Seeurity Aet Amendments, 212, 221, 250 Soeial Seeurity Administration, 355 Soeial Seeurity Reform Aet of 1983, 10, 42, 215 Southern California, technology assessment in, 520 Specificity, term, 82 Speech impairments, 430-431 SPRI, see Swedish Planning and Rationalization Institute of Health Serviees Standard error (SE)

Read the entire page →

From page 573...

... , 221 Uniform Medical Policy, 321-327 University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) , 159, 187-188, 189-190 573 V VA, see Veterans Administration Ventilators, critical care, 333 Veterans Administration (VA)

Read the entire page →

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Index Pages 565-574

Index
Pages 565-574