Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix D: Acute Toxicity of Hydrogen Chloride
Appendix D: Acute Toxicity of Hydrogen Chloride
Pages 105-146
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 105... ...
Physical state: Boiling point: Melting point: 7647-01-0 HC1 36.47 Hydrogen chloride Muriatic acid, spirits of salt, chlorohydric acid, hydrochloric acid gas Gas -84.9°C 144.8°C 105
|
From page 106... ...
Average HC} concentrations in combustion flue gas have been reported as high as 3,030 ppm (Sebacher et al.
|
From page 107... ...
1994~. The predominant effects of inhaled HC} are due to local tissue contact, particularly in the upper respiratory tract.
|
From page 108... ...
The reports concluded that exposure to irritating concentrations of HC! can result In coughing, pain, inflammation, edema, and desquamation in the upper respiratory tract.
|
From page 109... ...
Kilburn (1996) reported that residents and a police officer became acutely ill with burning and tearing eyes, burning throats, headache, chest pains, shortness of bream, and flu-like complaints following a leak of 200 gallons of hydrochloric acid from a tanker truck.
|
From page 110... ...
described a case of rapidly progressive and severe bronchospasm in a 41-year-old as~natic male who had been cleaning a swimming pool for almost ~ hr with a product containing hydrochloric acid. The severity of his response was enough to cause hospitalization, and ~ year after the exposure, the indi
|
From page 111... ...
EFFECTS IN ANIMALS One-] ime Exposure Pulmonary Sensory Effects A decrease in respiratory rate is considered a characteristic response to upper-respiratory-tract irritation in experimental animals and has been observed in experimental animals exposed
|
From page 112... ...
juvenile baboons exposed to HC} at 5,000 or 10,000 ppm in~tiaDy held their breath for 10-20 sec and then rapidly increased their respiratory rate. Animals exposed at500 ppm also increased their respiratory rate but with a slight delay of I-2 min.
|
From page 113... ...
1985~. A decrease in respiratory rate and a lengthened expiratory phase were interpreted as signs of sensory irritation; an Initial increase In respiratory rate followed by a decrease due to a pause following each expiration was interpreted as a sign of respiratory irritation.
|
From page 114... ...
Respiratory rates during exposures increased from baseline rates in a dose-related fashion: approximately 30% at 500 ppm, 50% at 5,000 ppm, and 100% at 10,000 ppm. Tidal volumes were unaffected by HC!
|
From page 115... ...
Animals were observed for 7 days following exposure. Gross pathological examination of animals that died during exposure revealed moderate-to-severe changes in the lungs and upper respiratory tract.
|
From page 116... ...
Rabbits and guinea pigs exposed to HC} at 4,291 ppm for 30 min or 670 ppm for 6 hr died (Machle et al.
|
From page 117... ...
1979~. Ocular damage indicated by polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the conjunctive was observed in animals exposed to HC!
|
From page 118... ...
1985~. Corneal opacity was not observed in guinea pigs exposed at 320 ppm.
|
From page 119... ...
The NRC (1987) reviewed the data on repeated exposures of experimental animals to HC} and concluded Hat the prunary effect was upper respiratory Irritation.
|
From page 120... ...
120 in ._ x LL .
|
From page 123... ...
123 _ _ CO CO _ o ~ A ~ [o ~ ~ _: c`: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Y ~ I ~m ~° _ ~0 S ~O X a) au ~ '0 ~To o o Q ~ _ x Q X cots V)
|
From page 124... ...
124 CD CO .e of: CO E .= 0 x llJ .
|
From page 125... ...
125 co cn ~ G)
|
From page 126... ...
126 .~ o ._ cr a .~ x lL ._ C~ I o U)
|
From page 127... ...
127 cn c a)
|
From page 128... ...
128 ao 1 o z cn CO a)
|
From page 132... ...
132 :~ o z cn Q ~> IL U)
|
From page 133... ...
133 CO ._ ao cn c ._ ~n .= I C" C~ o c _ o ~ 2 Q a, 1- 0 _ .c ~11 _ ~e C '~ U~ ~ .
|
From page 134... ...
and Table D-7 list inhalation exposure limits established by various groups. ACGTH established a Threshold Limit Value (TEV)
|
From page 136... ...
Dept. of Labor 1998 NRC 1987 NRC 1987 NRC 1987 NIOSH 1994 Abbreviations: AIHA, American Industrial Hygiene Association; ERPG, emergency response planning guidelines; NRC, National Research Council; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industnal Hygienists; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, pennissible exposure level; SPEGL, short-term public emergency guidance level; CEGL, contnuous exposure guidance level; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealV'; IDLH, immediately dangerous to life and health.
|
From page 138... ...
Following exposure to high concentrations of HCI, rodents exhibit signs of sensory and respiratory irritation. Sensory irritation is evoked by stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings in the nasal passages, whereas respiratory irritation occurs through contact of HC} with the lower respiratory tract.
|
From page 139... ...
exposures, no effects occurred in the lower respiratory tract except at high concentrations. Mice appear to be much more sensitive to the lethal effects of HC} than rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, or baboons.
|
From page 140... ...
Because the mucociliary apparatus in asthmatic individuals is typically impaired or severely degraded, small changes in mucus pH might have significant consequences. Some of these responses have been observed In experimental animals exposed to H2SO4, but so far, similar effects clue to HC} have not been reported.
|
From page 141... ...
is weak because much of it depends on opinion rather than documented exposure-re Persons experiencing moderate effects are likely to seek medical attention. Severe effects are irreversible effects that alter organ function or interfere with normal activities.
|
From page 142... ...
1977. Comparison of the sensory irritation response in mice to chlorine and hydrogen chloride.
|
From page 143... ...
1979. A comparison of the acute inhalation toxicity of hydrogen chloride versus the thermal decomposition products of polyvinylchloride.
|
From page 144... ...
1981. Hydrogen Chloride: Report 4, Occupational Hazard Assessment.
|
From page 145... ...
1991. Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants.
|
From page 146... ...
1980. Hydrochloric acid aerosol and gaseous hydrogen chloride partitioning in a cloud contaminated by solid rocket exhaust.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.