Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-8
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, was asked to consider the effects of dietary restriction at the levels observed in military women, combined with the physical demands of basic training, both on short-term bone mineral status (and the immediate risk of stress fracture) and on the long-term risk of osteoporosis.
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Chapter ~ reviews the essential concepts of bone health, Chapter 2 reviews the risk factors for stress fracture, and Chapter 3 examines the effects of energy intake, physical activity, and hormonal factors on bone health. In Chapter 4, the subcommittee provides its responses to the task questions; these responses form the basis for the subcommittee's conclusions' recommendations, and suggestions for additional research.
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Currently there may not be sufficient time during basic training to achieve the aerobic fitness level required to avoid musculoskeletal injury. Recommendations A more appropriate fitness standard should be achieved by women entering military service either through a structured program prior to their beginning basic training or through an integrated program within basic training.
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Greater body mass is associated with higher levels of bone mineral mass and density. Stress fractures are associated not only with reduced skeletal muscle mass and its concomitant increased fatigability and lower fitness levels but also with an excessive skeletal muscle mass and its enhanced strength.
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Whether these lifestyle factors are directly related to the development of skess fractures in the short term or are indirectly related through their long term influence on bone density is not known. Conclusions Energy intake by military women should be adequate to maintain weight during intense physical fitness Raining.
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Weight within standard may be achieved through proper diet, selection of nutrient-dense foods, and participation in weight-bea~ing exercise activities. These measures will be beneficial for the reduction of stress fracture risk in the short term, as well as for osteoporosis prevention in the long term.
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· Stress fracture incidence statistics should be collected by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and skeletal site, using a gender-independent, standardized definition of stress fracture and a comparable time frame from all military services for both the basic training and posttraining periods. · Military research efforts should contribute to identifying those factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and ethnicity, that may contribute to achieving peak bone mass, as well as components of military programs that may interfere with this process.
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From page 8... ...
Ultimately, the cost-benefit analysis of all techniques will have to be addressed for specific uses and populations within the military. · Mechanical models should be developed which link skeletal muscle mass, force/torque, and bone stress in humans, as well as to improve existing in viva methods of quantifying components of these models.
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