Serving Science and Society Into the New Millenium (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Part IV Science Policy and Societal Impacts
Part IV Science Policy and Societal Impacts
Pages 123-140
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Part IV Science Policy and Societal Impacts
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From page 125... ...
Broad, May 13, 1997) describes a study that found that publicly financed science is the "pillar of industry." The study, conducted for the National Science Foundation by a private research group, found that 73% of the main science papers cited in American industrial patents in 2 recent years were based on domestic and foreign research financed by government or nonprofit agencies.
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From page 126... ...
David Cox addresses this issue with regard to the ethics of the Human Genome Project. Charles Shank addresses the role of basic versus applied science in mission-oriented agencies, but I want to address the question of R01 grants versus "big science" and team research.
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The ultimate mission of the health programs in OBER is related to risks to human health. Today, you have heard panels on global and atmospheric research, on the human genome, and on nuclear medicine; I am not going to reiterate them because they articulately discuss some of the exciting things that the science is going to bring.
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It is increasingly clear that the major unsolved problems in science require support through the cooperative efforts of more than a single agency. That is certainly true for the Human Genome Project, but it is also the case with other projects.
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I see that as a huge, compelling challenge for our agencies as partners. Successful scientific partnerships, such as the Arabidopsis Genome Project, might well be used as models.
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But it does not require the same mass group of people that some of the very big, high-energy physics projects did. Since 1990, my colleague Rick Myers and I have managed one of the National Institutes of Health Genome Centers.
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President Clinton, in his Morgan State speech, talked about ethics, particularly biologic ethics and how this biologic work was going to be for society. The president said that, if we are going to have this new technology, it should extend to all people in the United States, not just to a few rich people.
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Rather than making moral statements, we are focusing on our lack of scientific information on this complex technology; we think that it would be a good idea to have a substantial knowledge base before generating human beings with this technology. The BER program should be involved not only in sequencing DNA to drive biology but also in collecting information with respect to the human population to see how the genome sequence can be used to help and not harm.
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The multidisciplinary laboratories, now called "multiprogram laboratories, have the capability of assembling expertise in a wide variety of scientific fields. We are often asked, How can you be a multiprogram laboratory if you do not have a sharp center of focus?
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We develop fundamental understanding of the laws of nature in the physical sciences and the biologic sciences so that corporations years from now can deal with them. We inspire young people to learn the scientific process and to become part of society.
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3. How does knowledge of the planets and the stars help us to build predictive environmental, climate, and resource models to explain the interaction of the oceans, the atmosphere, the biomass, and the land and to separate out the effect of the human species?
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We have to study inner space while we study outer space because when we have telescopes powerful enough to look at some of the high-energy objects at the outer bounds of the universe, we are going to need Superconducting Super-Collider data on fundamental interactions of matter in inner space. It hurt when we lost the Superconducting Super-Collider.
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You do everything you can do to make it safe, but it is not our job, for job security, to hide behind safety for the shuttle. We are going to hand the space station over to a private corporation and hand mission control over to private corporations because there is no need to have people with doctorates in physics, chemistry, and biology operating consoles where they look at analogue dials and turn knobs and are contract monitors.
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In a program called Bione, we were using primates. Some people feel animals should not be used in research.
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Engineers are ignorant on this subject. Biologists have an opportunity to be on the cutting edge and are not doing enough, are not communicating with physical scientists and engineers to bring this marriage about.
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