Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999) / Chapter Skim
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6 Immune Function Studies During the Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy
6 Immune Function Studies During the Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy
Pages 185-202
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From page 185... ...
National Academy Press 6 Immune Function Studies During the Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy Pal Wiik~ INTRODUCTION Several reports have noted increased frequency of infectious disease especially in the respiratory system in athletes during high-intensity training (Fitzgerald, 1988; Hoffman-Goetz and Pedersen, 1994; Sharp and Koutedakis, 1992) and also during sustained military operations (Bernton et al., 1994; Kramer, 1994~.
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From page 186... ...
Cadets were allowed no formal sleep time during the training course but got short periods of sleep between activities. On the basis of continuous heart rate recordings of individuals in a similar training course, total sleep time for Norwegian Ranger cadets was estimated to be less than 3 hours.
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From page 187... ...
Lymphocyte Mitogenic Response For the lymphocyte mitogenic response, quite variable results were observed in cadets during the Norwegian Ranger training (B0yum et al., 19961. In one course, a stimulation was observed, while in another course a suppression was observed.
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From page 188... ...
These data support a long-lasting monocyte activation that is often associated with suppression of other immune functions (Tilz et al., 1993~. Elect of Reducing the Calorie Def ciency Extra supplementing cadets with 1,200 kcal/24 h reduced the calorie deficiency from about 95 to 80 percent during the 7-d Norwegian Ranger training course, a rather small effect.
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From page 189... ...
In contrast, further in vitro incubation of rat phagocytes with pharmacological concentrations of glucocorticoids for up to 24 hours induced no significant effect, while incubation for up to 5 days strongly inhibited a monocyte respiratory burst (Hauger and Wiik, 1997~. Exposing rats to corticosterone or fasting them for 48 hours reduced phagocyte production of reactive oxygen metabolites measured in peritoneal phagocyte preparations by luminol-amplified chemiluminescence after activation by SOZ (Wiik et al., 1995~.
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From page 190... ...
However, the chemiluminescence responses of granulocytes as well as monocytes ex vivo were strongly inhibited by glucocorticoid administration. AUTHOR'S SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS During and after the Ranger training course of the Norwegian Military Academy, cadets had no significant increase in infectious disease (B0yum et al., 1996~.
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From page 191... ...
Ranger training courses are largely in agreement. However, in contrast to the variable changes observed in lymphocyte mitogenic response during the Norwegian Ranger training, a significant reduction in lymphocyte mitogenic response was reported during the U.S.
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From page 192... ...
To evaluate immune competence, more complex immune functional studies, like skin reactions to antigens and vaccine responses, should be performed. Understanding infectious disease and immune competence are of utmost importance for promoting peak military performance on the battlefield.
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From page 193... ...
1984. Plasma concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide during prolonged physical exercise, calorie supply deficiency and sleep deprivation.
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From page 194... ...
1988. Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
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GAIL BUTTERFIELD: I have asked this question of the Americans, and I will ask it of you. What is the justification for Ranger training in terms of real military experience?
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PAL WIIK: About 60 every year in the military participate in this training course lasting 7 days. We take 10 or 15 or 20 for our studies.
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PAL WIIK: Yes, the lymphocyte number was found to be almost normalized on the last day. And in most of our functional studies, we find that on the last day or two there is a pattern of normalization.
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From page 198... ...
PAL WIIK: That is right. It is a natural milieu versus a standardized milieu.
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Would you say that vasoactive peptide intestinal receptors and liposomes were elevated during this stressful time? PAL WIIK: Yes, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors are elevated.
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From page 200... ...
The total circulating lymphocyte pool turns over 10 to 48 times in a 24-h period of time. An advanced mass of lymphatic pools is in lymphatic tissue.
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RANJIT CHANDRA: I think that this is probably a reflection of leakage, for example, a huge stress like that and total energy deprivation within 24 hours could cause a leakage of proteins. I think it is a reflection of the size of the immunoglobulins.
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From page 202... ...
Ranger studies.
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