Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999) / Chapter Skim
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9 Methodological Issues in Assessment of Human Immune Function
9 Methodological Issues in Assessment of Human Immune Function
Pages 235-248
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From page 235... ...
National Academy Press 9 Methoclological Issues in Assessment of Human Immune Function Susanna Cunningham-Rundles~ INTRODUCTION Assessment of immune function in the context of studies presented in this volume is based on the underlying premise that in vitro or ex vivo2 measurements of immune response during the stress of Gaining reflect the innate status of the immune system and, filrthermore, may be interpreted to predict fixture response. However, the fundamental relationships that are valid in other well-studied settings may be different for two main reasons.
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Conversely, nutrient deprivation may have longterm consequences, especially when these deprivations are unrecognized and uncorrected (Ohshima et al., 1991~. Development of a rational experimental design for the measurement of general immune function and how this may relate to future immunity is important if the operation of these nutrition-immune function interactions is to be clarified in essentially healthy persons under stress.
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From page 237... ...
The critical questions about immune status in Special Forces troops, however, are how acute nutrient deprivation of the fundamentally healthy person undergoing highly stressful training in preparation for possible defense activities may influence long-term host defense and whether temporary nutritional deficits incurred during training or in combat conditions may produce long-term vulnerability. The studies of nutrient immune interaction in the settings noted above do not provide an adequate blueprint for answering these questions.
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This response triggers lymphocyte activation and proliferation and leads to the production of effector cells (natural killer cells, phagocytes, or cytotoxic T-cells) and triggering of B-cells to produce antibody.
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Cellular immune function is fundamentally more complex and less easy to measure. Basic humoral immune tests are usually carried out to measure the specific antibody product of a response formed in the past in vivo to a specific virus or microbe.
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Finally, the effecter phase is examined for specificity of cytokine production, and response capacity towards key intermediates, the eytokines, and strength of the effecter process. All aspects of this process may reflect current immune deficits since response is elicited in vitro.
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Although there are few noninvasive methods to evaluate the gastrointestinal immune response, events in this compartment of the immune system may be crucial during response to stress. In Vivo Assessment of Immune Response In vivo skin testing and examination of Immoral immune response to previously encountered vaccines can be useful in establishing both a baseline response and a response due to the impact of military training.
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before mononuclear cells are isolated. When blood is being sent by air or transported to a distant lab, it is advisable to include a control specimen drawn in parallel from control persons (those not subjected to the military training conditions)
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Studying the response of subpopulations will also require careful evaluation of normal cells in parallel since, to a large degree, immune response is under negative control. Assessment of Cell Types by Flow Cytometry The development of monoclonal antibodies directed against human immune cell surface determinants has provided a more accurate and ultimately quantifiable way to define lymphocyte subpopulations (Lander et al., 1986; Reinherz and Schlossman, 1980~.
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, CD7 1, and HLA-DR.5 Use of these markers as a means of probing critical events In lymphocyte activation provides a new approach to the development of methods Hat can measure subtle but clinically significant events (Cunn~ngham-Rundles et al., 1990~. · Measurement of Response · Proliferation · Cytokine Production · Antigen Expression · Gene Activation Harvest supernatant Examine cells for phenotype J · Assess Cell Division: · Thymidine Incorporation · Early events · Ca++ Influx Activation antigens · Study gene expression FIGURE 9-3 Measurement of immune response can be performed in microtiter tissue culture plates, typically in triplicate.
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The fundamentally healthy person may become essentially stronger by these encounters if recovery can be supported properly. The key question involving the immune status of Special Forces troops is how acute nutrient deprivation during training may influence long-term host defense and whether temporary nutritional and immune deficits incurred during training might produce long-term vulnerability.
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1993. Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the human earliest lymphocyte activation antigen AIMICD69, a new member of the C-type animal lectin superfamily of signal transmitting receptors.
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HUMAN IMMUNE ASSESSAJENT 247 Reinherz, E.L., arid S.F. Schlossman.
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I am not sure that that would really apply to a healthy person under stress. STEVE GAFFIN: I meant healthy people in different populations around the world.
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