Technology in Services Policies for Growth, Trade, and Employment (1988) / Chapter Skim
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Introduction to Services Industries Policy Issues
Introduction to Services Industries Policy Issues
Pages 1-15
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The companion volume to this book, Managing Innovation: Cases from the Services Industries (Guile and Quinn, 1988) , samples services industries to illustrate the contribution of technological advance in services such as stock exchanges, banking, cellular telephone services, automotive repair, engineering design, and express package transportation.
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wages and household incomes? These are indeed critical national issues; manufacturing performance is an important element of economic performance in any large industrialized economy.
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3 no cd o Do o no a: o ~ .
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The common belief that this shift in employment shares reflects a shift from high-wage factory work to low-wage retail and food services work is belied by a simple examination of the areas in which employment has grown. Although it is true that there has been significant employment growth in retail trade, there has also been substantial growth in business services, health services, and government.
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Many declining manufacturing industries for example, textile, apparel, and leather products now pay wages that are low in comparison with those paid by much of the services sector. Although the relative shift in employment toward nonmanufacturing industries has probably been responsible for some slowing of the rate of growth in real earnings in the United States, the effects of the shift must be interpreted carefully.
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No single services industry today is as dominant as the railroads were in their time, but communications firms, banks, airlines, multiple-site retailers, and energy utilities are large, sophisticated corporations with as much to contribute to national economic well-being as large manufacturing firms. In the opening chapter of this volume, James Brian Quinn examines the role and character of services industries.
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In contrast the average annual rate of increase for all manufacturing industries over the period 1948-1985 was 2.7 percent. In addition to reviewing different methods of measuring productivity growth Kendrick addresses policy options to increase productivity in services— policies that include supporting research and development for services, improving worker skills, or encouraging investment to bring the newest generation of technology into the workplace.
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, without directly addressing the productivity of industrial sectors, illustrate the role that technological advance can play in the productivity growth of sectors such as communications, automotive repair, and distribution (Davis, 1988; Fellowes and Frey, 1988; Larson, 19881. Stephen S
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SERVICES TRADE Services industries are becoming globalized in the same manner as manufacturing industries and for the same reasons: labor cost differentials, market access considerations, capital mobility, and growing dispersion of intellectual resources. Indeed, technological advance has made some services industries finance, for example a paradigm of global industries.
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Some services industries, such as software development for computers, engineering, systems design and management, and research and development, draw on the highest level of intellectual resources. The development of effective global communications, combined with the growth abroad of intellectual capabilities essential to services industries, has facilitated the emergence of services providers in Asia and Europe that rival those in the United States in their ability to design, manage, and operate complex systems.
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The national security concerns are obvious, but the economic security questions are just starting to emerge for the United States. There is widespread agreement that some basic services strongly affect overall comparative economic performance.
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and are obvious targets for large-scale infrastructure development and deployment programs that would be of significant value in long-term U.S. economic performance.
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are examples of the trend. In some services industries, joint efforts to support research and development are well established; the Electric Power Research Institute and the Gas Research Institute are good examples.Whether the technological base of a services industry can best be organized within single companies or as cooperative ventures will vary with the particular industry and the character of technological opportunities.
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White, president of the National Academy of Engineering, for his early insights about the policy questions raised by growing services industries and Harvey Brooks and Jesse H Ausubel for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this introduction to the volume.
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U.S. International Trade Commission.
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