Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety (1988) / Chapter Skim
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6. Human Performance
6. Human Performance
Pages 71-79
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From page 71... ...
Research on human reliability has always occupied a central position in NRC research because it is widely accepted that human actions account for a large proportion of the initial causes of plant faults and accidents. In fact, it was the only human factors research topic that continued to receive support from 1986 to 1987.
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From page 72... ...
eventually, to predict human performance in new systems especially before they are operational, indeed very early in the conceptual design stages. At present, only limited data and capabilities exist to measure human performance in nuclear power plant systems.
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From page 73... ...
A comprehensive, systematic research program is necessary to characterize human performance in nuclear power plants; to develop adequate measures of performance along with techniques, tools, and processes for measuring performance; and to develop iteratively the models and data base to be able to predict performance within a reasonable band of uncertainty. Human performance denotes not only the performance of individuals, but also that of teams and organizations.
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From page 74... ...
There exists a considerable base of human performance modeling technology on which to draw, in particular for supervisory control tasks typical of nuclear power plants. Most of it has been developed for military and aerospace application, but certainly the general approaches, and in many cases specific models, are applicable to the nuclear power plant control room context.
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From page 75... ...
In the longer-term future, models could be employed in advanced computerized design methodologies that would include both technical system models and human models (e.g., Pew et al., 1986~. Research issues in this area include human performance measures and measurement tools, human performance modeling, human reliability analysis and its incorporation into PRA, data collection, and analysm.
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From page 76... ...
We believe that rather than expend limited resources on further studies to improve expert judgment, a high priority should be given to methods to obtain objective estimates. There is no doubt that a comprehensive bank of objectively based human error rates is desirable.
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From page 77... ...
; We need to generate causal models of human performance that include models of error mechanisms; We need to understand how to avoid the causes of error in order to reduce the likelihood of these failure forms and improve human performance; We need to understand how changes in the person-machine system (e.g., new support systems and aids) affect error types.
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From page 78... ...
again that not all factors can be anticipated in advance. For example, in a recent analysis performed on about 30,000 events ~ that occurred in nuclear power plants and collected in the Abnormal Occurrence Reporting System, half of them were represented by unique combinations of systems, components, and human faiTures (Mancini, in press)
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From page 79... ...
Particular attention should be focused on errors that occur as a result of a large number of small incidents that cascade, rather than one major "single cause" incident. A major reduction in the role of human error in nuclear power plant operations is the intended goal.
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