The Children's Vaccine Initiative Continuing Activities (1995) / Chapter Skim
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INTRODUCING AN EFFECTIVE VACCINE
INTRODUCING AN EFFECTIVE VACCINE
Pages 20-26
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From page 20... ...
The NIH also can malice pilot lots of vaccine suitable for early-phase clinical testing and, through its Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units, can support a limited number of vaccine trials. An IOM panel suggested recently the need for a National Vaccine Authority, which among other tasks would talkie on early-stage development of certain vaccines destined for developing-world use.28 The public sector may exert its strongest influence by establishing policies that reduce the number of risks industry must take in developing vaccines.
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From page 21... ...
SOURCE: CDC, 1994. Brazil recently undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis of Hib vaccine, focusing on the vaccine's role in preventing meningitis rather than pneumonia.3i Based on data from 1992, public health officials there estimated the country experiences 1,547 cases of Hib-caused meningitis each year in children under age Lit should be noted that this analysis did not attempt to calculate the value of lives saved or of disability averted through the use of Hib vaccine.
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From page 22... ...
Without a significant drop in the price of the Hib conjugat~perhaps through bulk importation and local filling, or local production (involving technology transfer:Brazil will probably not add this vaccine to its immunization armamentarium. In the Philippines, some health officials expect that the Hib vaccine will be the next vaccine introduced into that nation's immunization program.
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From page 23... ...
As with Hib, these calculations take into account the projected additional expense resulting from side effects and the expected savings from reduced treatment costs. TABLE 4 Cost-Effectiveness of Immunization with Pneumococcal Conjugate Cost per Death Averted Cost per Case Averted Merck$6,823 $389 Lederle-Praxis5,948 340 Lederle-Praxis with3,155 168 herd immunity Common antigen759 43 NOTE: It is assumed that all vaccines are administered with DIP.
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From page 24... ...
Vaccine staff in developing countries will need training in practical subjects (good manufacturing processes, quality assurance and quality control, production methods, animal testing, serology, computerized record keeping) as well as theoretical topics (polysaccharide and protein chemistry, microbiology, and biostatistics)
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From page 25... ...
Public awareness of the need for vaccination sometimes can be misguided, however. This may have been the case in Brazil, which has recently purchased large amounts of group B meningococcal vaccine to battle endemic meningococcal disease but has opted not to buy Hib vaccine, which might have greater benefits over the long term.35 In the Americas, coordination was crucial to polio eradication, and similar cooperation between developing-world nations may be important as vaccine technology transfer moves ahead in other parts of the world.
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From page 26... ...
26 THE CHILDREN'S VACCINE INITIATIVE: CONTINUING ACTIVITIES vaccine manufacturers. This not only allowed the efficient procurement of vaccine, it also facilitated cooperative problem solving around a variety of technical concerns.
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