Harnessing Science and Technology for America's Economic Future National and Regional Priorities (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Sustaining American Innovation: Where Will Technology Come From?
Sustaining American Innovation: Where Will Technology Come From?
Pages 73-82
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From page 73... ...
This era of prosperity stems from multiple sources prominent among them are sagacious monetary policies, prudent management of the federal budget, and the strong entrepreneurial culture in American society. Also sure to be on any list of causes is the dynamic American capacity for technological innovation.
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From page 74... ...
. In these two industrial sectors the United States has demonstrated distinctive, and supenor, capabilities which have been translated into growth and competitive advantage on a global scale.
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From page 75... ...
But some imitative innovations, like Microsoft' s Windows operating system, can be radically different from their predecessors and produce major economic consequences. In those cases where the innovation is not imitative, that is, the sponsoring firm is the first to commercialize the innovative practice, the change is usually incremental in character, representing progress along an established technological trajectory.
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From page 76... ...
But a few points can be made. First, sustained economic growth probably requires balanced national capabilities to initiate innovations effectively across the spectrum described above.
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From page 77... ...
Basic and applied research are creating new options for industrial innovators, not only by creating wholly new opportunities, but also by strengthening the knowledge base that supports incremental progress along established trajectories. Because the nature of industry-university-government relationships is often idiosyncratic to particular fields and industries, no single model provides a useful description across the board (Powell and Owen-Smith, 1998~.
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From page 78... ...
. Electrical Instruments Components FIGURE R-2 Scientific references per U.S.
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From page 79... ...
The institution blossomed most fully in the United States following World War II when numerous corporate laboratories dedicated to fundamental science and long-term development of pioneering technologies emerged in American industry. In later decades a small number of these laboratories were a fertile source of fundamental technologies sparking significant economic growth.
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From page 80... ...
U.S. leaders in the semiconductor industry, including Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments, now cooperate to fund research in universities and to develop pre-competitive manufacturing technologies, but none supports a significant central research establishment dedicated to fundamental research on the scale and of the type formerly found at IBM, RCA, and AT&T.
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From page 81... ...
FIGURE R-4 Industrial research activity declined by 20% in the l990s. 81 Applied research [~1 Basic research 0 ~ ~ to oo 0 oo oo oo oo oo ~ Industrial Research 1 991 -96 ~ ~ ~9 91 92 93 94 95 96 Total
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From page 82... ...
The complex partnerships in biopharmaceuticals seem well suited to sustain continued technological progress and economic growth. In information technology, the role of industry predominates especially in the hardware underpinnings of technical advance.
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