The Working Environment for Research in U.S. and Japanese Universities Contrasts and Commonalities (1989) / Chapter Skim
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5. Industry-University Cooperation
5. Industry-University Cooperation
Pages 17-25
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From page 17... ...
Again, for reasons unique to each nation's perception of its own weaknesses, this cooperation has begun to rise again in recent years. In the postwar United States, industrial support for university research was supplanted by the federal government.
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2 National Science Foundation, National Pattems of Science and Technology Resources: 1987, 39.
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. According to a recent GAO report, it is still too early to evaluate the overall effects of the ERC approach; industry continues to lament a lack of influence on the research agenda and direct research collaboration Is limited, but over half of the Industrial participants Intend to continue their participation.6 In addition, the 1986 Ax Reform Act introduced a 20 percent tax credit for corporations which contract for basic research with .
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On the other hand, those who consider Monbusho's changes to be a major advance point to traditional restrictions on national university professor~restrictions that prevented them, as civil servants, from accepting the type of contract research that is common in the United States. It 7National Science Foundation, To}yo Report Memorandum, No.
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In 1982 national universities received 2.4 billion yen to conduct 1,324 research projects on contracts. Although 78 percent of the funds came from government or public research institutes, a large number of researchers came from industry 694, compared to only 67 from the government.8 In addition, Monbusho has created a set of rules governing four programs under which industry can support national university research: 9 1.
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69, 25 March 1985. i2National Science Foundation, Tokyo Report Memorandum, No.
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had formed 36 committees bringing industry and universities together to exchange information about venous fields.~5 Another example is the Research Information Exchange Center, created in 1982 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology to promote integrated research between university researchers and those outside, promote contract research, and exchange information (in response to industry demands) through conferences and seminars.
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Iwata suggests that these problems be worked out on a case-by-case basis.~7 Finally, as noted above, the Japanese government has tried to encourage university-industry cooperation as a way of supporting more basic research. In fact, however, Monbusho seems to be encouraging university research that is more responsive to industrial needs.
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25 In keeping with its principle that the primary role of universities is education, Monbusho has stipulated that all joint projects be initiated by the university, in order to ensure that the research being pursued complements the university's primary function. According to Professor Gen Ohiwa of ~yohashi University of Technology, however, Monbusho's universityindustry cooperation programs are not encouraging basic research, although they are educationally beneficial insofar as they allow students to see useful applications of their research.~9 i9National Science Foundation, Tolyo Report Memorandum, No.
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