Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995) / Chapter Skim
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4 GUIDELINES FOR SULFUR MUSTARD AGENTS
4 GUIDELINES FOR SULFUR MUSTARD AGENTS
Pages 29-36
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From page 29... ...
and in the "Material Safety Data Sheets" prepared by the Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center (ERD KC, 1990, 19921. Modern chemical warfare agents might include any of the following three sulfur mustard formulations: Agent HD (distilled sulfur mustard)
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From page 30... ...
in water, and HT is considered practically insoluble; that sulfur mustard freezes at 13-15°C and might become a semisolid at temperatures near the freezing point (such as those found at the bottom of water pools) ; and that hydrolysis occurs slowly, forming a thin "monolayer," after which reaction rates for the entire volume of agent droplet or mass are negligible (Dacre and Burrows, 1988; Somani, 1992; TOM, 19931.
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From page 31... ...
Thus, it is unclear whether the observed weight loss in rats is due to a toxic response or to reduced ingestion of food The subcommittee concluded that the findings of Sasser et al.
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From page 32... ...
No uncertainty factor for intraspecies differences in toxic response was applied because military personnel are assumed to be healthy. Therefore, the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee for sulfur mustard In field drinking water, assuming a water consumption of 5 and 15 L/day, are calculated as follows: Cdw (5 Llday)
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From page 33... ...
The cytogenetic and mutagenic response of sulfur mustard exposure is considered similar to that of x-rays (Watson et al., 1989; Watson and Griffin, 1992; TOM, 19931. Retrospective studies of military veterans exposed to battlefield concentrations of sulfur mustard during World War ~ as well as British and Japanese chemical-weapons factory workers exposed during production of sulfur mustard and sulfur mustard munitions during World War IT have been sufficiently compelling to have sulfur mustard classified as a Class 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC)
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From page 34... ...
." Exposures that generate lifetime cancer risks less than lo-6 are rarely regulated by EPA or the Food and Drug Administration. Consumption of drinking water containing sulfur mustard agents at the concentrations proposed here theoretically carries a potential increased lifetime risk of cancer on the order of 10~5.
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From page 35... ...
Field commanders and their troops should understand the following with respect to the proposed guidelines: · Providing that no other toxic compounds are present in the water supply, acute effects (e.g., nausea or gastrointestinal upset) are not expected to occur following consumption of field drinking water at the recommended guideline concentrations.
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From page 36... ...
materials that are used for field drinking-water treatment will substantially reduce concentrations of sulfur mustard in water. It is recommended that this approach for mitigating exposure to sulfur mustard agents be investigated further.
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