Microbial Processes Promising Technologies for Developing Countries (1979) / Chapter Skim
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8 Cellulose Conversion
8 Cellulose Conversion
Pages 142-157
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From page 142... ...
The resulting lignocelluloses are by far the most prevalent renewable organic materials available for microbial—or other—conversions. Cellulose that is not lignif~ed (for instance, nonwoody aquatic plant tissues, some papers, residues from chemical pulp mills, and certain natural fibers such as cotton)
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From page 143... ...
Limitations There are no important limitations to the cultivation of Volvariella species within the environmental range of growth. Research Neecis To support increased growth of Volvariella species for food, the following research efforts are needed: · Determination of the best species and strains for given locations and substrates; · Determination of the optimum environment for each species; and · Evaluation of various substrates for maximum yields of the mushrooms.
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From page 144... ...
Under development Under research Animal feed; cellulases Under research for converting cellulose to sugars Animal feed; ethanol, acetic Under research acid Lentinus edodes The "shiitake" mushroom has been cultivated and used as human food for centuries in China and Japan, where it is commercially produced in what now is a multimillion dollar industry. It is not used much in most developing countries, nor is it popular in the West where the common champignon, Agaricus bisporus (A.
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From page 145... ...
EM Cal Cal o ~4 Cal o.
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From page 146... ...
..... ~3114 MICROBIAL PROCESSES FIGURE 8.1 Fruiting bodies of Volvariella volvacae on straw-cotton waste compost.
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From page 147... ...
Hashioka) FIGURE 8.4 Typical arrangements of bolts of oak wood for cultivation of Lentinus edodes (Japan)
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From page 148... ...
Evaluation of available wood species; · Selection of best strains for specific substrates; and · Evaluation of L edodes wood residue as a ruminant feed.
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From page 149... ...
should be concentrated on: · Further improvement of cultivation conditions; and · Selection of the best strains for each location and substrate. Thermoactinomyces Species The thermophilic cellulolytic and starch-utilizing actinomycetes provide a unique opportunity for development of a cottage industry for the production of single-cell protein for food or animal feed.
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From page 150... ...
The lignin content of all fibrous plants increases with age. Therefore, young succulent plants may be utilized without pretreatment, while mature plants of the same species will require pretreatment.
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From page 151... ...
Partial decay of wood wastes by P chrysosporium should render them suitable for ruminant feed or for further digestion to sugars by cellulolytic enzymes (see discussion of Trichoderma reesei below)
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From page 152... ...
In agitated culture, it produces short mycelial threads; rarely does it form pellets on carbohydrates. It is a strong acid producer and will grow under pH conditions as low as 2.5; during actual enzyme production, the medium can be adjusted to pH 3, thus minimizing contamination.
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From page 153... ...
Other Species* Some gram-negative, aerobic bacteria such as those in the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas as well as gram-positive Cellulomonas species utilize cellulose but do not utilize lignin; therefore, some form of pretreatment before fermentation is required.
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From page 154... ...
Bedfordshire, England: Leonard Hill Books distributed in the United States by John Wiley and Sons (World Crop Books)
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From page 155... ...
Bedfordshire, England: Leonard Hill Books, distributed in the United States by John Wiley and Sons (World Crop Books)
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From page 156... ...
Yoshio Hashioka, 2337 Shinkano Naka, Kagamigahara City, Gifu, Japan James P San Antonio, Genetics and Germ Plasm Institute, Vegetable Laboratory, BARC-W, U.S.
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From page 157... ...
Trichoderma reesei Elwyn Reese, Food Science Laboratory, U.S. Army, Natick Research and Development Command, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, U.S.A.
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