Microbial Processes Promising Technologies for Developing Countries (1979) / Chapter Skim
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9 Antibiotics and Vaccines
9 Antibiotics and Vaccines
Pages 158-176
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From page 158... ...
The effectiveness of vaccines in controlling disease can vary widely. For example, smallpox vaccine, commonly prepared from the vaccinia lesions on the skin of inoculated calves or sheep or from the allantoic membranes of inoculated chick embryos, produces a high degree of immunity in vaccinated individuals and has been highly effective in controlling the disease.
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From page 159... ...
Economies of scale usually make it possible for industrialized countries to produce drugs more cheaply for large markets. Yet, in these industrialized countries, the major portion of research on drugs and vaccines is likely to relate directly to those diseases occurring within these industrialized areas, that is, not to those in the developing countries where the need is greatest.
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From page 160... ...
The virtual eradication of smallpox throughout the world is a fine example of the success of a coordinated diseasecontrol program. With greater use of microbial processes and with worldwide collaboration other successes will follow.
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From page 161... ...
Many antibiotic-producing microorganisms have been isolated from soil by a simple procedure: a soil sample containing millions of microorganisms is suspended in water, the suspension is diluted severalfold, and samples are transferred to Petri plates containing agar media of various nutritive compositions. The plates are incubated until growth of the microorganisms occurs in the form of individual colonies.
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From page 162... ...
Spray apparatus for the spraying of the test organism on the agar plate Tort ^~nor~icn~~ Inhibitory Tect organism Compres.cc~l zone \ / air \ ,/ Inoenium (A ~ ~ in ~ncuba'Dr',~ Puriflcat.<,n: Grown agar plate 6. Suitability test for submerged culture ~6 # .
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From page 163... ...
Much research remains to be done to arrest tropical diseases, particularly schistosomiasis, malaria, filariasis, trypanosomiasis (including African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease) , onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis, all common parasitic infections in the tropical zone.
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From page 164... ...
x Syphilis x Tetanus x Tuberculosis x Isoniazides x Typhoid Fever Yaws Rickettsial Diseases Boutonneuse Fever Epidemic Typhus Murine Typhus Scrub Typhus x x x x x x x x x Mucormycosis is an infection of the intestines, lungs, and central nervous system, or skin. It is caused by one of a class of opportunistic fungi that generally do not infect the normal host but may cause disease in debilitated patients.
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From page 165... ...
? x x x x Sulfonamides Benzimidazoles Benzimidazoles Phenolics Pyrazines Salicylamides Pyrazines Phenolics Pyrazines Benzimidazoles Pyrazines Salicylamides Pyrazines Pyrazirles Phenolics Nitroim~dazoles Benzimidazoles Salicylamides Benzimidazoles Benzimidazoles Benzimidazoles x x in developing countries.
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From page 166... ...
The disease is currently controlled by chemicals (mair~ly chloroquine derivatives) administered prophylactically and is treated chemotherapeutically by a variety of substances chemically related to quinine.
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From page 167... ...
Newcastle disease occurs worldwide and affects poultry, a major protein source in developing countries. Although there are vaccines available for some forms of this viral disease, they are not effective in all field situations.
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From page 168... ...
, the animals are healthier, grow more rapidly, and reach marketable weight faster than those not fed antibiotics. In the United States, six antibiotics are used extensively for growthpromoting effects on poultry, swine, cattle, and dairy calves: bacitracin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, monensin, procaine penicillin, and tylosin.
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From page 169... ...
Some are live attenuated viruses; others consist of whole killed bacteria. Still other preparations consist of viral or bacterial components or of modified products of bacterial toxins (or toxoids)
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From page 170... ...
B-propiolactone- Live attenuated vaccine inactivated virus grown in embryonated duck eggs (2) phenol-inactivated virus grown in rabbit brain Passive: equine hyper Lmmune serum Rubella Vaccine Typhoid Whole organism killed by Oral killed or attenuated vaccines several different techniques have been tested and seem to be more effective with fewer side~ffects Typhus Formaldehyde-inactivated Rickettsia prowazekii Dowry in embryonated eggs Yellow fever Live attenuated virus prepared in chick embryo: Dakar strain or 1 7D strain Source: Robert H
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From page 171... ...
Parasitic and Venereal Diseases A number of other widespread diseases still lack vaccines that will enable their eradication or control. These include the parasitic diseases endemic to many developing tropical countries and the venereal diseases, which are increasingly common throughout the world.
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From page 172... ...
Unfortunately, these trials have shown that the available vaccines against typhoid fever and cholera are limited in their effectiveness, and there are no vaccines available for many other causes of diarrhea. Typhoid Fever Long a scourge throughout the world, typhoid fever runs a protracted course, causing death in 10-20 percent of untreated victims and
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From page 173... ...
Side effects are frequent and include painful swelling at the injection site, fever, and malaise, all of which may persist for several days. Because typhoid fever is generally contracted after ingestion of contaminated food or water, attempts have been made to stimulate intestinal immunity by the oral administration of killed typhoid bacilli.
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From page 174... ...
cold play a substantial role in causing diarrhea throughout the world. Three other bacterial species, Campylobacter fetus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Vibrio parahemolyticus, have been recognized recently as causes of diarrhea!
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From page 175... ...
1975. Effectiveness of vaccination against cholera and typhoid fever.
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From page 176... ...
1964. A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of acetone-dried and inactivated and heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccines in Yugoslavia: Report.
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