The Life Sciences Recent Progress and Application to Human Affairs The World of Biological Research Requirements for the Future (1970) / Chapter Skim
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Methodology: Survey of Individual Life Scientists
Methodology: Survey of Individual Life Scientists
Pages 471-499
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All individually identifiable biologists meeting the following four criteria were surveyed: Possessed a doctoral degree (Ph.D.
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of the Register's 1966 Specialties List had been identified as the area of greatest specialization: GROUP A Agronomy Anatomy Animal Husbandry Biochemistry Biophysics Biochemical C) ceanography Botany Ecology Entomology Agricultural and Food Chemistry Biometrics and Statistics Climatology Clinical Psychology Fish and Wildlife Forestry Genetics Horticulture Immunology Microbiology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacology Physiology GROUP B (Interdisciplinary)
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Professional identification Type of principal employer Professional location (state only) Support of research from federal funds (yes, no, or unknown)
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No presurvey information was available concerning their work activity; survey returns subsequently revealed that a high proportion of members of these clinical medical societies were not actively engaged in research. The selection criteria excluded most paleontologists identified by the National Register; of the 381 individuals listing paleontology as their major specialization, only 45 were included in this survey.
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b This number is the total valid mailing minus the known nonresearch biologists and represents a maximal figure since it is impossible to estimate what proportion of nonrespondents qualified as researchers.
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, of geographic location, and of type of doctoral degree earned also revealed no significant differences between the two groups.
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APPENDIX A TABLE A-5 Similarity of Distribution by Field of Training between Respondents to Question 18 and All Respondents LIFE SCIENTISTS TOTAL SURVEY REPORTING CURRENT FIELD OF TRAINING POPULATION RESEARCH AREA OF DOCTORAL DEGREE Number Percentage Number Percentage TOTAL12,151100.08,005100.0 Agriculture Subtotal8557.05767.2 Agronomy3472.92272.8 Animal Husbandry1321.1931.2 Fish and Wildlife500.4360.4 Forestry880.7690.9 Horticulture1581.3981.2 Agriculture, Other800.7530.7 Biological Sciences8,26968.1S,54969.3 Anatomy1961.61301.6 Biochemistry1,83415.11,27115.9 Biophysics1601.31151.4 Cytology1090.9801.0 Embryology1050.9801.0 Microbiology1,0108.36568.2 Pathology, Animal770.6590.6 Pharmacology3743.12252.8 Physiology, Animal8056.65356.7 Botany3653.02302.9 Ecology and Hydrobiology234l.91592.0 Entomology4151.S2883.6 Genetics4080.62873.6 Nutrition2213.41531.9 Paleontology and Systematic Biology723.4SO0.6 Pathology, Plant3452.8227'.8 Physiology, Plant3532.92413.0 Zoology7736.45126.4 Biosciences, All Other4133.42583.2 Health-Professional Subtotal2,31519.11,39117.4 M.D.2,11817.41,27015.9 D.D.S.650.535i.4 D.V.M.1090.9741.0 Other a230.2120.1 Related Areas Subtotal 712 5.S 489 6.1 Chemistry 442 3.6 305 3.8 Physical Sciences b 114 0.9 77 1.0 Psychology 105 0.9 73 0.9 All Other Fields c 51 0.4 34 0.4 t' Includes D.O., D.P.H., D.Pharmand other health-professional degrees not specified. b Includes biometrics and biostatistics, computer science, earth sciences, engineering, mathematics, physics, and statistics.
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No information was obtained pertaining to the master's degree. Field of training of doctoral degree-special note: Field of training presented rho special tabulation difficulties for individuals reporting only a Ph.D.
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available to principal investigators on June 1, 1967, 1966, and 1965. SUBCATEGORY LISTINGS REQUIRED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ~ ~ AND ~ 9 The questionnaire insert, Exhibit A-2, contains the Redefined range of categories to be used by respondents in answering questions pertaining to the following factors: Field of training Research area Research materials Research organisms VALIDITY OF THE RESPONDENT POPULATION The professional location of the 23,388 biologists identified by the National Register was compared with the professional location of the 14,362 biologists returning questionnaires (Table A-69.
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480 THE ElFE SCIENCES ._ 3 Cal cn Cal ._ .O C)
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9. Title of Current Position-Please check only one item per class Academic Professor Adjunct Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor Instructor _ Research Associate ("Senior" or continuing appointment)
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University: School or College of = Arts and Sciences I ~ Nursing Agriculture Pharmacy Dentistry Public Health Engineering = Veterinary Medicine _ Forestry _ Other (specify) Graduate Studies _ Medicine INSTRUCTION: If you have checked any items in 10a proceed directly to item 12.
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| C/e Institutional budget (EXCLUDE: Federal training grants and Federal institutional grants) | C/` Research grant /contract | Check ( x/ )
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7c Research, including graduate research training Yc Administration % Instruction, including teaching ward rounds, university extension work, etc. c/c Patient care C/C Other (Consulting, editorial, professional society activities, production, testing, sales, promotion, etc.)
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From LIST I, "FIELD OF TRAINING": Select one number for the most appropriate field LIST II, "RESEARCH AREA": Select one lettered category for the most appropriate area LIST III, "RESEARCH MATERIALS/ORGANISMS": Select one or two lettered categories and one or two numbered categories HISTORY AND PROJECTION OF YOUR RESEARCH FIELD I NTEREST 19. From the separate CODE SHEET specify the items that best describe your PREVIOUS (1969)
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. _ _ , 1 I EXHIBI1^-1 Queshonnaire used in individual survey.
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Number Appeared in Calendar 1966 Type of Publication Full-length reports (articles) of original research that appear in scientific journals of greater than local interest In-house publications/reports of original research Whole books/monographs Chapters in books Major review articles Abstracts of original research Other (book reviews, editorials, general interest articles, etc.)
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Unsealable I utilized it in ~ I plan to utilize but I would Item last 12 months it in next utili%c it if No. SPECIALIZED FACILITY ~12 months available 1 Field areas 2 Zoo/aquarium 3 Taxonomic research collection 4 Organism-identification service 5 Tropical terrestrial station .
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9 Programmed gradient pump Counters 10 Automatic particle counter 11 Scintillation counter.l 2 Whole-body counter Microscopy 13 Electron microscope 14 Electron probe for microscopy 15 Fluorescence microscope 16 Metallograph 17 Microtome-cryostat 18 Phase-contrast microscope Spectrometers l 9 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer 20 Mass spectrometer 21 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer Spectrop ho to m ete rs / -po la ri meters/-fluorimeter 22 Circular dichroism analyzer 23 Infrared spectrophotometer .24 Microspectrophotometer 25 Spectrofluorimeter 26 Spectropolarimeter 27 Ultraviolet spectrophotometer 10 EXHIBIT A-1 Questionnaire used in individual survey.
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MAJOR INSTRUMENTS last 12 months _ _ X-ray 28 X-ray crystallographic analysis system 29 X-ray diagnostic system 30 X-ray source Miscellaneous 31 Apparatus for measuring fast chemical reactions 32 Artificial kidney 33 Cine and time-motion analysis equipment 34 Closed-circuit TV. 35 Electrophoresis apparatus (various types)
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Time limitations, because of: Heavy teaching schedule Service responsibilities (e.g., patient care) Administrative duties Budgeted and Funded Positions in the following categories were not filled for lack of available, qualified personnel: Professional staff Supporting technicians Clerical/administrative personnel Insufficient Personal Training in: Chemistry Statistics Mathematics Use of Computers Electronics/Engineering Physics Supporting Biological Sciences Constraints Concerning Choice of Research Problem and its direction arising from: Conditions of your employment Source of funds which support your research Other (specify)
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ft. 1966-67 _ What is the approximate indoor working laboratory space, including space used by any graduate students and postdoctoral appointees working with you, which you actively use for your own research program?
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34. Level of Research Support and Supporting Organization: Complete all appropriate items in the table below in accordance with the instructions provided on the separate Definitions and Instructions Sheet.
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. ~.~.~ ~ S .~ 3, S $ Return your completed questionnaire promptly, using the enclosed self-addressed, stamped envelope: Committee on Research id the Life Sciences National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
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If your industrial category is not shown, please write in the appropriate broad category selected from the list that follows (or write in your own description) , and check in column 1: Tobacco manufactures Textiles, apparel, and leather products Rubber products Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Electrical equipment and supplies Transportation equipment Check in column 2 the industry category most closely related to your research unit's work.
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2. If 1hc mayor portion of 1hc laboratory's services arc sold commercially, 1hc appropria[c industrial category to ~ chow in column I should ~ Sac of the su~~i~ under the non~anu~ud~ hewing ~h hold whether the laboratory is a single unit cntcrprisc or belongs to a multiunit company engaged primarily in _~d~.
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Plant 205 Pathology, Plant (see #311 for Animal) 206 Pharmacology 207 Biochemistry 208 Biophysics 209 Biometrics, Biostatistics 210 Botany 2 12 Ecology 2 13 Entomology 214 Genetics 2 15 Hydrobiology 216 Microbiology 2 17 Nutrition 2 18 Paleontology 2 19 Systematics 220 Zoology 221 Bio-Science, Other Medical Sciences 300 Anesthesiology 301 Dermatology 302 Geriatrics 303 Internal Medicine 304 Endocrinology and Metabolism 305 Gastroenterology LIST Il: RESF,ARCH AREA Use the code number of the single most appropriate category R I Molecular Biology and Biochemistry R I Cellular Biology R 12-Developmental Biology R 13-Genetics R 14 Pharmacology R 15-Physiology R 1 Morphology R 17-Behavioral Biology R 18-Ecology R 19-Evolutionary and Systematic Biology R 2~Nutrition R 21-Disease Mechanisms 306 Immunology 307 Infectious diseases 308 Obstetrics and Gynecology 309 Ophthalmology 310 Otolaryngology 311 Pathology, Animal and Human 3 12 Hematology 313 Pediatrics and pediatric specialties 314 Physical medicine and rehabilitation 315 Public health and preventive medicine 3 16 Psychiatry 3 17 Neurology 318 Radiology and nuclear medicine 319 General surgery 320 Cardiovascular surgery 321 Neurological surgery 322 Orthopedic surgery 323 Plastic surgery 324 Thoracic surgery 325 Urology 326 Tropical medicine 327 Dentistry and dental specialties 328 Osteopathy 329 Veterinary medicine Related Areas 400 Anthropology 40 1 Chemistry 402 Earth Sciences 403 Engineering 404 Mathematics 405 Computer Science 406 Physics 407 Psychology 408 Social Sciences, Other 409 Statistics 410 Other Related Research Fields R Anthropology R 3 Chemistry R 32-Earth Sciences R 3 3-Economics R 34 Engineering R 35-Mathematics R 3~Physics Astronomy R 3 7-Psychology R 38-Sociology R 39-Other Related Field 1 ' ,1 EXHIBIT A-2 Explanatory insert for individual questionnaire.
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~.~. ~ M19 Artificial organs ~limbs/'devices M20 Whole organisms M21 Populations of organisms M22 Ecosystem studies M23 Comparative studies within a single phylum or plant division M24 Comparative studies across two or more phyla or plant divisions M25 None of above ORGANISMS STUDIED or EMPLOYED l~None 25-Seed Plants 11~ccur in 3 or more phyla (If 2~ Forest Species you select this item do not select a second number.)
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