Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants (1999) / Chapter Skim
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6 Emerging Chemical Drinking Water Contaminants
6 Emerging Chemical Drinking Water Contaminants
Pages 112-119
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From page 112... ...
This paper reviews current knowledge on the environmental occurrence of hydrophilic organic contaminants, including herbicide degradates, pharmaceuticals, and various high production volume chemicals.
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From page 113... ...
It can be extrapolated that for other pesticides similar observations will be made regarding the environmental occurrence of more polar metabolites. PHARMACEUTICALS In several European countries research activities have been accelerated that are aimed at enlarging our knowledge of environmental occurrences of pharmaceutical chemicals.
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From page 114... ...
In more recent studies it has been reported that a series of drugs and drug metabolites were found at concentrations up to the microgram per liter level in groundwater samples taken from a drinking water treatment plant (see Table 6-~; Heberer and Stan, 1997, Stan and Heberer, 1997, Heberer et al., 1997, 1998~. These contaminants leach from the neighboring sewagecontaminated surface waters by bank filtration through the subsoil into the groundwater of the waterworks.
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From page 115... ...
Mainly acidic drugs such as the lipid regulators bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil; the antiphIogistics diclofenac, ibuprofen, indometacine, naproxen, and phenazone; and the metabolites clofibric acid, fenofibric acid, and salicylic acid as well as neutral or weak basic drugs such as the betablockers metoprolol, propranolol, and the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were found to be ubiquitously present in rivers and streams, mostly in the nanogram per liter range. However, maximum concentrations were determined up to 3.1 ~g/L and median values as high as 0.35 ,ug)
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From page 116... ...
These authors also report on prel~minary results of investigations assessing the behavior of carbamazepin during bank fiItration and water treatment processes. Analogous studies in Brazil showed the sporadic presence of pharmaceuticals in rivers at concentrations below 10 ng/L, indicating a lower environmental contamination in this country (Stumpf et al., 1998)
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From page 117... ...
Erythromycin was shown to occur only as a metabolite after water cleavage. Among the five antibiotics detectable in treated sewage effluents and in surface waters, erythromycin-water was most abundant with a median value of 2.5 ,ug/L and a maximum concentration of 6.0 Go/.
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From page 118... ...
. TABLE 6-4 HPV Chemicals Either Documented as Drinking Water Contaminants or Having a Certain Potential Class of Chemical/Compound Organic complexing agents EDTA Surfactant metabolites Alkylphenols, alky~phenolpolyethoxylates, alky~phenolethoxcarboxylates Musk fragrances Benzenesulfonates naphthalenesulfonates Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates Fuel additives Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
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From page 119... ...
1997. Detection of drugs and drug metabolites in ground water samples of a drinking water treatment plant.
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