Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants (1999) / Chapter Skim
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1 Historical Overview of Drinking Water Contaminants and Public Water Utilities
1 Historical Overview of Drinking Water Contaminants and Public Water Utilities
Pages 22-32
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From page 22... ...
The introduction of tap water to the wealthier homes and the consequent introduction of the flush toilet led to the discharge of human wastewaters to the Thames River via the storm sewers that had been built to permit London's commercial center to remain active during rainy periods. By 1849 the dead rates had increased to more than 200 per 10,000 for those taking water from the Thames in the center of the city.
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Historical Overview of Drinking Water Contaminants and Public Water Utilities 23
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The introduction of filtration reduced the incidence of enteric disease generally and typhoid specifically, the latter dropping in rate by more than 55 percent (ElIms, 1928~. introduction of chlorine in the early years of this century, which combined with filtration virtually eliminated waterborne enteric disease in the United States, had one unfortunate consequence: filtration and chlorination appeared to make the quality of the source unimportant, and the principle of ~ , , using the best source succumbed to the expedience of developing lower-cost polluted river sources and providing filtration and chlorination.
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45.7 61.6 costly. The more costly options were rejected because filtration and chlorination gave assurance that the treated water would "meet the drinking water standards." (Unfortunately, today, most cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America draw their water supplies from large rivers and do not provide filtration and chlorination effectively and have made few efforts at protecting their sources, with the result that infant mortality rates in these countries are more than 10-fold higher than in industrialized countries.)
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From page 26... ...
C Hueper of the National Cancer institute who wrote: It is obvious that with the rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization of the country and the greatly increased demand placed on the present resource of water from lakes, rivers, and underground water reservoirs, the danger of cancer hazards from the consumption of contaminated drinking water will grow considerably within the foreseeable future.
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From page 27... ...
The EPA also contracted with the National Research Council (NRC) to prepare a series of volumes, ultimately nine over a 13-year period, entitled Drinking Water and Health to provide guidance on methodologies for selecting contaminants and establishing maximum contaminant levels (MCEs)
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28 Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants
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A controversial metanalysis on the significance of chlorine consumption on cancer rates, which combined 10 previously published epidemiology studies, reported increased relative risk for bladder and rectal cancers in proportion to the exposure to chlorinated water (Morris et al., 19921. EPA's concern for the formation of DBPs and its belief that they might be responsible for cancers after long-term exposures fed to one unfortunate side effect, illuminated by the cholera epidemic that surfaced in Peru in 1991 and rapidly spread throughout much of Latin America.
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From page 30... ...
Another manifestation of the role of anthropogenic impacts on our water supply emerged from Europe, where it was found that all the drinking waters withdrawn from sources that had received human wastewaters were showing trace concentrations of the pharmaceutical compounds commonly used by people with a wide range of ailments heart disease to mental stress to control of conception (Stan and Heberer, 1997; Buser and Muller, 19981. More recently, evidence from England indicates that waters impacted by human wastes were responsible for "feminizing fish" (Jobling et al., 19981.
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1998. Occurrence of the pharmaceutical drug clofibric acid and the herbicide mecropop in various Swiss lakes and the North Sea.
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From page 32... ...
1976. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
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