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From page 335... ... , 104, 105 distributive justice (Rawls) , 103-104 district-level factors, 116-117, 118 120, 124, 128-131 educational achievement, 104, 105 106, 107-108, 114, 124, 131 132, 166, 265 education reform and, 135, 136, 140 147, 161 education standards, 2, 6, 101-103 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... , 120 urban areas, 103, 111, 128 whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 151, 153, 196, 213, 225 Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 58, 235 African Americans, see Black persons Alabama, 54, 97, 103, 107, 108, 111, 210211 Alaska, 85, 121, 169 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 157 INDEX American Community Survey, 198, 323 324 Arizona, 85, 107, 111, 230, 245 Arkansas, 85, 90, 251 Attitudes, see Public opinion B Bagley v. Raymond School Department, 230 Bilingual education, 82, 86-87 Black persons, 43, 145 educational attainment, 45 poor, 21, 51 rural areas, 68 spending reforms, 91 test scores, 45-46 urban areas, 18, 47-51, 70 Brown v. Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... Edgar, 109 Compensatory education, 11 - 12, 27, 29, 46, 82, 83, 87, 202-206 see also Title I programs Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration program, 150, 213, 216 Connecticut, 88, 90, 175, 251 Constitution of the U.S., see U.S. Constitution Contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188-189, 267 Cost indices, 40-41, 93-94, 126, 128-129, 198 consumer price index, 40, 41, 126 urban areas, 52, 94 Cost of education, 93, 94 adequacy concept, 107-108, 109, 112, 114-131, 165, 197-199, 265 337 statistical analyses, 114, 115-118 adjustments for changes in, 40-41, 112, 126, 131 charter schools, 188 class size reductions, 212 cost-efficiency, 4, 8-9, 17, 22-23, 33, 34, 38, 40, 87, 136, 163, 168176, 188, 247, 254-255 adequacy concept, 107-108, 116, 165 data needs, 198 early childhood education, 203 econometric studies, 127-128 empirical models, 114, 118-120 facilities, schools, 199-200 inflation, 40, 41, 93, 94, 112, 131 need-based adjustments, 197-199 poverty areas, 2, 198-199, 205, 259 professional judgment models, 114, 120-124 socioeconomic factors, general, 115, 118, 120 special education, 41-42, 217, 219, 222, 227 statistical models, adequacy concept, 115-118 teachers, 168-176 technology, educational, 201 urban areas, 52, 198, 199-200 whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 213 Court cases, 6, 31-32, 70-81, 90-91, 94, 95-103, 106-111, 257 Abbott v. Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... , 9, 151-152, 157, 178, 185-186 vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273-274 see also School-based factors, individual schools Delaware, 59 Demographic factors, 18-19, 39 see also Minority groups; Poverty; Race, spending on education by; Socioeconomic factors; Urban areas DeRolph v. Ohio, 108-109 Desegregation, see Racial discrimination/ segregation Disabled students, see Students with disabilities Disadvantaged students, see Poverty; Special-needs students District-level factors, 3, 11, 22-23, 27, 2832, 62 adequacy of education, 116-117, 118120, 124, 128-131 charter schools, 186- 187, 229 concentration and decentralization, 28, 32-33 education production, 144, 152-153 facilities, schools, 199 federal aid, 83, 84, 85 Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... State, 88 Econometric studies, 127-128 Economies of scale, see Scale economies Edgewood v. Kirby, 80, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112 Educational achievement, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 89, 17, 34-47 adequacy concept, 104, 105-106, 107108, 114, 124, 131-132, 166, 265 attainment and, 36-38 cost-efficiency, 33, 34-44, 165-195 education production, 137, 142 facilities, schools, 200 historical perspectives, 7, 20-21, 24, 44, 46, 71-72 international comparisons, 18, 21, 34, 37-38, 44, 194, 230 parental choice and, 190- 194 school incentives, impact on, 182- 183 school- or site-based management, 185-186, 190 school spending, 7, 46-47 student background and, 2, 5, 10-11, 17, 19-20, 33, 43-53, 61, 67, 125, 134, 140, 196-231, 265 Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161 teacher capacity and pay, 167-176, 178 urban schools, 33 see also Test results Educational attainment, 45-46 achievement and, 36-38 adequacy concept, 116 employment and, 20, 34-35, 44 parents', 43-44 student background and, 5, 45-46 Educational technology, see Technology, educational Education production, 2, 4, 9, 16, 65, 134162 academic performance, 136-137, 142, 152-153 adequacy concept, 117-118, 166, 264 class size, 138, 141, 143-146 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... , 107-108, 112-113 capacity investment and, 167 special education, 223, 226 teacher certification, 106, 144, 168, 169, 170-171, 178, 210, 211, 255, 272 teachers, other, 271, 272-273 Title I programs, 216 see also Performance standards Efficiency, 4, 8-9, 17, 22-23, 33, 34, 38, 40, 87, 107-108, 116, 136, 163, 165, 187, 191, 200, 232 adequacy concept, 107-108, 116, 165 educational achievement, 33, 34-44, 165-195 property taxes, 234-235, 236, 240-241 revenue raising, 33, 34, 51, 57, 232 teachers, cost-efficiency, 168-176 Employment educational attainment and, 20, 34-35, 44 mothers working, 43, 44 teachers, career ladders, 177 salaries, 8, 9, 39-40, 41, 94(n.12) , 142, 165, 167-168, 169, 171174, 176-179, 197, 211, 272 training and professional development, 9, 142, 149, 150, 152, 156, 165, 167-168, 169, 174-176, 177, 183, 198, 210, 211, 216, 224, 225, 270-272 English-language learners/secondlanguage speakers, 33, 39, 49, 73, 89, 125- 128 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... Priest disparities across, 6, 30-31, 47, 5455, 69, 93, 94, 96, 97 legislation, 85, 87-88 taxpayers, 70, 71, 232, 236-237, 238, 240-241, 242, 247, 254 wealth-neutrality principle, 71-76, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95-99 (passim) , 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125 see also Adequacy, educational Ex ante concepts, 70, 71, 75, 96, 103 Ex post concepts, 70, 71, 89, 103 F Facilities, schools, 82, 107, 108, 121, 140, 142, 167, 188, 197, 198, 199201, 255 safety of school environment, 198, 208 special education, 225 see also Technology, educational Family factors, 2, 10-11, 19, 43-44, 52-53 Coleman Report, 7, 71-72, 82, 140141, 142 see also Parental factors Federal government, 3, 82, 127 block grants, 83 categorical programs, 6, 10-11, 60, 8182, 196, 214, 259-260; see also Title I programs compensatory programs, 11-12, 27, 29, 46, 83, 204, 206; see also Title I programs education production, 150, 156 equity provisions, 82-87, 259-260 foundation aid, 12, 261 impact aid, 82, 85 income taxes, 60, 233, 249 revenue raising, general, 11, 27, 29, 53, 60-61, 258-262 statistics by state, 30-31 Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... , grants from, 192, 207-209 INDEX G Geographic factors geographic uniformity principle, 74 interdistrict disparities, 11, 24, 29, 31, 46, 50, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92-99 (passim) , 110, 125, 128129, 191, 196, 228, 231, 236237, 247, 250-252, 260, 265 district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77,84,88,96,247,253,256258, 265 guaranteed, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96 intradistrict disparities, 6, 8, 11, 24, 29, 31, 99, 228-229, 231, 320 teachers, regional distribution of, 169170 see also Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas; specific states Gifted and talented programs, 82, 214 Guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96 see also District power equalizing H Harper v. Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... State of North Carolina, 109 Legislation, federal Americans with Disabilities Act, 218(n.8) Civil Rights Act, 82, 87 compulsory attendance, disabled children, 68 Educational for All Handicapped Children Act, 41, 42, 86 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 207, 259, 260; see also Title I programs Emergency School Assistance Act, 82 Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 15, 85 Government Performance and Results Act, 321 Improving America's Schools Act, 16, 207 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 214, 218, 219(n.9) Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... , 36-37, 45-46, 114, 157, 175 National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 272 National Center for Education Statistics, 198, 315-325 academic performance data, 317-318 National Commission on Teaching and America' s Future, 169 National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, 170 National Education Goals Panel, 157 A Nation at Risk, 34, 88, 134, 149 Nevada, 57 New American Schools, 123-124, 153 New Futures, 208, 209 New Hampshire adequacy of education, 107, 108, 109 revenue raising, 29, 54 New Jersey adequacy concept, 107 Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... Kelly, 77, 78 Peer effects, 136, 141 Pennsylvania, 54, 79, 86, 107, 113, 224 Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Pennsylvania, 86 Performance standards, 16-17 adequacy concept, 110, 113, 115, 118120, 122, 132, 166 education production, 148, 156-157 see also Test results Per pupil spending, see Cost of education; Spending on education Political factors, 3, 22-24, 157, 271 adequacy of education, 2, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112-113, 132, 133, 166 attacks on public schools, 20-21, 34, 38 equity, 70, 78, 96-97, 166, 197, 248249, 253 federal role in education, 12 funding models, 16 interest groups, 71, 84, 103, 111, 137, 155 property taxes, 236, 241 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... , grants from, 192, 207-209 funding adequacy, 9, 198; see also "equity" supra income taxes, state relief, 91 lotteries, 246 property taxes, 237(n.2) , 242 sales taxes, 244 school-based factors, high poverty, 46, 83 teaching capacity, 210-212 urbanareas,20, 47, 48-49, 51, 74, 76, 103, 198, 227, 259 voucher programs, 273-274 war on poverty, 18, 83 Preschool interventions, see Early childhood interventions Private schools, 29, 82, 160, 178, 182, 184, 190 attitudes toward public schools, parents of children in private schools, 38 contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 185, 188-189, 267 INDEX enrollment, 27, 38, 41 foundations (private) Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... Bradley, 82-83 Religious schools, 229-230, 231 Catholic, 192, 193, 194 Research, educational adequacy concept, 102, 114-130 class size, 210-211, 212-213, 273 Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161 contract schools, 189 data needs, 198, 315-325 early childhood education, 203-206 education production, 138-161 equity concept, 74, 90-98, 319-320 facilities, schools, 200 foundations (private) , grants from, 208-209 incentives, 182- 183, 272-273 longitudinal, 98, 143, 145, 146, 148, 216-217, 231, 256, 317, 321, 322 NCES data, 198, 315-325 parental choice, 192-194 qualitative studies, 139, 147-148 recommendations, 12, 198, 200, 204205, 267-274, 315-325 school incentives, 182- 183, 272-273 school- or site-based management, 186, 319 special education, 219-220, 221 state-role in financing, 241, 255-257 teachers, 171-177, 210-212, 222-223, 270-272 testing, 180- 181; see also National Assessment of Educational Progress Title I programs, 215, 216-217 vouchers, 230-231, 269, 273-274 whole-school designs, 213 see also Statistical analyses Revenue for school finance, 2, 5, 15-16, 20, 48-49, 53-61, 232-262 California, 58, 71, 72-74, 76, 235, 236, 245, 249-253, 254, 255-256, 258, 262 347 committee mandate, 4 district-level, 5, 28-29, 53-55, 58, 79, 84, 233 guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96 statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55 see also Property taxes efficiency issues, 33, 34, 51, 57, 232 equity, general, 165, 167 fairness, 5, 11-12, 17, 33-34, 53-61, 232, 235-238, 247-248, 265-267 federal, general, 11, 27, 29, 53, 60-61, 258-262 statistics by state, 30-31 local, general, 11, 20, 27, 53, 58, 79 statistics by state, 30-31 see also Property taxes; Sales taxes; "district-level" supra by socioeconomic status, 47, 48-49 state-level, general, 28-29, 54-57, 58, 71,72-74,76,88, 197,235,236, 239, 245-258, 262 statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55 see also Income taxes; Property taxes; Sales taxes; Taxes, general Rhode Island, 54, 109- 110, 166 Robinson v. Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... Priest, 71, 72-74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 87, 96, 250-253, 256, 258, 318 Simmons-Harris v. God, 229 Social factors, general, 18-19, 24, 67, 208 attacks on public schools, 20-21, 34, 38 early childhood education, 204 INDEX out-of-class learning, 168, 208 peer effects, 136, 141 school-community linkages, 10, 152, 184-185, 196, 206-210 see also Demographic factors; Family factors; Parental factors; Political factors; Public opinion; Race, spending on education by; Racial discrimination/ segregation Socioeconomic factors, 1-2, 4, 6, 67-68 adequacy of education, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 115, 118, 120, 125 costs of education, 115, 118, 120 out-of-class learning, 168 revenue raising by socioeconomic status, general, 47, 48-49 student background and achievement, 2, 5, 10-11, 17, 19-20, 33, 4353, 61, 67, 125, 134, 140, 196231, 265 Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161 tax and parental income, 236 tax deductions, 60-61 test scores, 46 urban areas, general, 68 wealth-neutrality principle, 59, 71-76, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95-99 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... Priest; "district level" supra political factors, 2, 16, 70, 75, 78, 96 97 racially based spending disparities, 31, 47, 48-49, 273 school- and parent-based decision making spending, 3, 8, 11, 62, 105, 164, 183-190, 196, 227 231 charter schools, 8, 9, 29, 133, 185, 186-188, 189, 190, 191-192, 229, 231 contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188 189, 267 vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273-274 special education, 6, 41-42, 217-218, 219, 221-222, 223-226 technology, 8, 142, 147, 167, 197, 199, 201-202 Title I, 216-217 urban areas, 47, 48-52, 67-68, 76, 219, 227-228 see also Adequacy, educational; Cost indices; Cost of education; Equity concepts; Formulas for distributing funds Standards, see Education standards State government, 4 accountability legislation, 110, 111 adequacy of education, 6, 80, 101-102, 103, 105, 107-111, 112, 114131 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... income taxes, 54-57, 91, 233, 243-244, 247, 253-254 relief to poor, 91 statistics by state, 56-57 lotteries, 245-246 NCES core data, 316-317, 323-324 outcomes of education, role in financing, 241, 254-257 poverty, 198, 199 property taxes, 58, 88, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 245, 246247, 250-251, 253, 254, 255256, 319-320 statistics by state, 54-55 research financing, state role, 241, 255-257 revenue raising, general, 11, 27, 28-29, 53-60, 71, 72-74, 76, 79, 88, 91, 111, 197,235,236,239,245258, 262 statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55 sales taxes, 54-57, 233, 243, 244-245, 246, 253-254 statistics by state, 56-57 special education, 42, 43, 218, 219, 223-224, 225, 226, 227 spending, 27, 29-32, 42, 46, 47, 52, 69-82, 90-91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 199, 200, 219, 223-224, 225, 226, 227, 249-252, 257 taxes, 54-57, 58, 88, 197, 247-258 nontax revenue sources, 245-246 see also specific tax types supra teachers, 175, 179, 181, 183 certification, 106, 144, 168, 169, 170-171, 178, 210, 255, 272 urban areas, 52, 76 vouchers, 229-230 see also Court cases; Legislation, state; specific states Statistical analyses adequacy of education, costs, 114, 115-118 Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161 education production, 140- 147 NAEP, 37 NCES data, 198, 315-325 Students with disabilities, 39, 41-43, 68 Americans with Disabilities Act, 218(n.8) compulsory attendance, 68 equity, concept of, 70, 73, 89, 127, 128 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 214, 218, 219(n.9) Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... , 142, 165, 167-168, 169, 171-174, 176-179, 197, 211, 272 school-based reform, 152 special education, 224, 225 standards, 271, 272-273; see also "certification" supra state government role, 175, 179, 181, 183; see also "certification" supra student/teacher ratios, 42, 88, 106, 118, 141-142, 144, 203; see also Class size testing of, 211; see also "certification" supra Title I programs, 216 training and professional development, 9, 142, 149, 150, 152, 156, 165, 167-168, 169, 174-176, 177, 183, 198, 210, 211, 216, 224, 225, 270-272 urban areas, 12, 169, 270 Technical assistance, federal desegregation, 62 state financial laws, 85 Technology, educational, 8, 142, 147, 167, 197, 199, 201-202 Tennessee, 57, 107, 108, 273 Tennessee Small School Systems v. McWherter, 108 Test results, 34, 36-37, 43-44 accountability, high-stakes testing, 180-182, 183 adequacy concept, 113-117 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... , 37-38 Thompson v Engelking, 78-79 Title I programs, 10-11, 27, 29, 46, 83, 84, 86, 127, 181, 213, 214-217, 260, 318 special education, 223, 225 U Urban areas, 3, 5, 10, 11, 32-33, 47-52, 67-68, 99, 227-231 adequacy concept, 103, 111, 128 black students, 18, 47-51, 70 bureaucracy, 18 cost indices, 52, 94 cost of education, other, 52, 198, 199200 education reform, 3, 10, 11, 228 enrollment, 33, 48 facilities, schools, 199 foundations (private) , grants from, 207-209 Hispanics, 48, 51 incentives, 12, 183 minority groups in, 18, 47-51, 70 political factors, 18, 228, 271 poverty, 20, 47, 48-49, 51, 74, 76, 103, 198, 227, 259 research recommendations, 12, 267-270 special education, 219 INDEX spending, 47, 48-51, 67-68, 76, 219, 227-228 state role, 52, 76 suburban/urban disparities, 11, 20, 33, 46, 47, 48-49, 51-52, 76, 94(n.12) Read the entire page →

From page 335...

... , 104, 105 distributive justice (Rawls) , 103-104 district-level factors, 116-117, 118 120, 124, 128-131 educational achievement, 104, 105 106, 107-108, 114, 124, 131 132, 166, 265 education reform and, 135, 136, 140 147, 161 education standards, 2, 6, 101-103 (passim)

Index Pages 335-352

Index
Pages 335-352