The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

2 Major User Facilities
Pages 15-29

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 15... ... , the scientific and technical trends in each area, demographic trends in the user communities, and the implication of these trends for the management of the facilities. SYNCHROTRON FACILITIES Snapshot of Current Facilities and Planned Upgrades Synchrotron light sources are characterized as first, second, or third generation, reflecting their evolutionary history. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... Trends in the Scientific Applications of Synchrotron Sources Scientific trends in synchrotron applications have been analyzed extensively in several recent reviews (BESAC, 1997; Structural Biology Synchrotron Users Organization, 1997; OSTP, 1999~; only emerging areas are highlighted here. The most notable current trend, one driving many of the demands on synchrotron facilities, is the explosion in use of synchrotron radiation in crystallographic analyses of biological macromolecules. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... capabilities both for polymers and for the biophysics community, as anticipated in the Structural Biology Synchrotron Users Organization (1997) report. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... Time-resolved crystallography, which exploits the time structure of intense synchrotron beams, is beginning to provide detailed pictures of chemical reactions in proteins (Moffat, 1989~. Trends in the Synchrotron Source User Community The number of synchrotron users continues to increase rapidly. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... , commissioned in 1965, provides the highest intensity flux of the dozens of university research reactors in the United States.5 Since the university research reactors are not national user facilities, they will not be considered further in this study. The two spallation sources were commissioned in the 1980s: the Intense 3 Presentation to the committee by J Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... The Swiss Spallation Neutron Source, SINQ, started operation in 1996, and a new German reactor, FRM-II, is under construction with a planned start date in 2001. Current upgrades at the ILL and ORPHEE reactors promise considerable gains in intensity and efficiency, and there is scope for the installation of new instruments to increase user capacity. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... Using neutrons, one can simultaneously determine the atomic and magnetic structures of, for example, colossal magnetoresistive materials, which are of interest for high-density magnetic storage media. Both thermal and cold neutrons are useful probes for investigating the structure and dynamics of hard and soft materials over length scales ranging from the atomic to the mesoscopic,1 to 105 A, and over energy transfers from 10-9 to 1 eV (NRC, 1984; BESAC, 1993, 1994, 1998; European Science Foundation, 1996; Finney et al. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... Trends in the Neutron Source User Community During the 1990s, the neutron user community in the United States grew both in absolute numbers and in the diversity of scientific disciplines. Approximately half of the neutron researchers use the four DOE facilities and half use the NIST facility.8 The experience of NIST's Center for Neutron Research, which is the only U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... While comparable data do not exist for U.S. facilities, the European Neutron Scattering Association survey of the European user community noted that the 9Macromolecular research includes polymer, colloid, and complex fluid studies. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... Attainment of such parameters requires dedicated facilities because the energy source required is large and because of the safety issues associated with the rapid discharge of so much energy into a small volume. For pulsed fields in this range of parameters, there are nine facilities in Europe, four facilities in Japan, and three in the United States (at the NHMFL, Lucent Technologies Laboratory, and Clark University) Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... . Other developing areas of research with high magnetic fields include energy storage and power conditioning for utility applications; plasma confinement for new energy sources; magnetic levitation for high- and low-speed transportation; large motors for industrial use and ship propulsion; medical diagnostic systems (magnetic resonance imaging) Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... NMR systems of 1,000 MHz will require magnetic fields of about 24 T with stored energies approaching 40 to 70 MJ and costing $10 million to $15 million. Thus the cost, design complexity, and safety issues surrounding such instruments suggest that facility-type operation may be appropriate for them, although the low throughput characteristic of NMR spectrometers raises questions about their suitability as general user instruments. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... Funding Issues Stresses resulting from funding inadequacies are a major concern to both the synchrotron and neutron communities. In the case of synchrotrons, the growth in size of the user community has given rise to pressures for access to beam time: demand for beam time for approved proposals exceeds available time by a factor of approximately two (Structural Biology Synchrotron Users Organization, 1997) Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... Several DOE facilities are jointly offering a combined neutron/x-ray summer school at Argonne National Laboratory beginning in 1999.15 Teleconferencing and World Wide Web supplementary materials can expand the audience for such schools and enhance participant experiences. Management Issues The increasing diversity of the user community may also lead to a mismatch between the mission of the steward and the interests of the user communities, which in the case of its biological component is supported mainly by NIH. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... Simplifying and standardizing the user agreements could alleviate some of this concern. Intellectual property rights issues significantly affect facility usage, and the committee wishes to bring attention to these concerns. Read the entire page →

From page 15...

... , the scientific and technical trends in each area, demographic trends in the user communities, and the implication of these trends for the management of the facilities. SYNCHROTRON FACILITIES Snapshot of Current Facilities and Planned Upgrades Synchrotron light sources are characterized as first, second, or third generation, reflecting their evolutionary history.

2 Major User Facilities Pages 15-29

2 Major User Facilities
Pages 15-29