Risks and Opportunities Synthesis of Studies on Adolescence (1999) / Chapter Skim
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3 Supporting Adolescents with Social Institutions
3 Supporting Adolescents with Social Institutions
Pages 18-29
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From page 18... ...
Neighborhood factors that influence adolescent health, development, and well-being include: 18
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From page 19... ...
Patterns of residential transience, often generated by poverty, represent another neighborhood factor that can influence youth development. Frequent household moves, disruptions in daily routines caused by unrelated individuals entering or departing the household, and mobility among neighbors can undermine community ties, weaken support networks, and reduce privacy.
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From page 20... ...
Research on social settings has increasingly called attention to the role of the unrelated adults who come into contact with adolescents in neighborhood and other social settings. They include teachers, mentors, coaches, employers, religious leaders, service providers, shop owners, and community leaders who may influence youth perceptions and behavior in their everyday settings.
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From page 21... ...
As they move through the education system, students face increasing complexity: compared with elementary schools, middle and senior school facilities and the student body tend to be larger; they are more likely to use competitive motivational strategies; there is greater rigor in grading and an increased focus on normative grading standards; there is greater teacher control; and instruction is delivered to the entire classroom rather than to individuals or smaller clusters of students. These changes can be stressful for some adolescents, and research indicates that the experience of transition itself may have an independent negative effect on students' attitudes and achievement, especially in large urban schools.
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From page 22... ...
In the past, school health officials focused on the prevention of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and chicken pox. Today schools seek to prevent or address a wide spectrum of health concerns, ranging from violence to substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors, tobacco use, inadequate physical activity, and poor dietary habits the six issues at the core of 70 percent of all adolescent health problems, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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From page 23... ...
Health promotion involves screening for psychosocial and behavioral risk factors in an effort to prevent youth from engaging in risk behaviors. Adolescent .
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From page 24... ...
For many adolescents, the health care system lacks all of the essential elements of primary care: a consistent point of entry into the system, a locus of ongoing responsibility, adequate backup for consultation and referral services by adolescent specialists, and comprehensiveness. Adolescents from low-income families precisely those who are at highest risk for health problems are also those least likely to be covered by health insurance.
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From page 25... ...
In schools, less than one-third of all students in special education receive psychological, social work, or counseling services. Only about 2 percent of all adolescents receive service from a school psychologist; there is only one school psychologist per 2,500 students nationwide.
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From page 26... ...
Whether factors outside the service system, such as increased poverty and broken families, overwhelmed efforts to develop community service alternatives is not clear, but what is evident is that the system was not designed to address the challenges presented by troubled teens. A large number of adolescents become part of the child welfare system while still living in their parents' homes.
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From page 27... ...
Hence, it is often necessary to place adolescents in more restrictive living arrangements like group homes and residential treatment centers. Since the mid-1970s, the federal government and the states have sought noncorrectional alternatives for adolescents who engage in antisocial but not serious criminal activities.
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From page 28... ...
First, race-linked patterns of discrimination, segregation, and concentrated poverty may produce pervasive family and community disadvantages, as well as educational and employment difficulties, which in turn may cause high levels of delinquent and criminal behavior among young minority males. Second is the possibility that, at the hands of the juvenile and criminal justice systems, young black males may be victims of prejudice and discrimination in the form of more frequent arrests, prosecution, and punishment for delinquent and criminal behavior.
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From page 29... ...
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