Materials in a New Era Proceedings of the 1999 Solid State Sciences Committee Forum (1999) / Chapter Skim
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IV: Materials R&D-A Vision of the Scientific Frontier
IV: Materials R&D-A Vision of the Scientific Frontier
Pages 43-52
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From page 43... ...
The relentless reduction in transistor size and increase in circuit density have provided the increased functionality per unit cost that underlies the information revolution. Today's computing and communications capability would not be possible without the phenomenal 25 to 30 percent per year exponential growth in capability per unit cost since the introduction of the integrated circuit in about 43
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From page 44... ...
Silicon integrated circuits are expected to follow Moore's law at least until the limits of optical lithography are reached, transmission bandwidth of optical fibers is expected to grow exponentially with advances in optical technology and the development of soliton propagation, and storage density in magnetic media is expected to grow exponentially with the maturation of GMR and development of colossal magnetoresistance in the not too distant future. Although these changes will have a major impact on computing and communications over the next few years, it is clear that extensive research will be required to produce new concepts and that new approaches must be developed 44
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From page 45... ...
Many of the recent technological ad vances are the result of strong interdisciplinary efforts as research results from complementary fields are harvested at the interface between the fields. This is expected to be the case for organic materials; increased interdisciplinary efforts, for example between CMMP, chemistry, and biology, offer the promise of equally impressive advances in biotechnology.
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From page 46... ...
The second is a dynamical measurement using exquisitely sensitive detection of the shot noise for quasi particles tunneling across a quantum Hall device. Quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of fractional average charge in both a trivial way and a highly nontrivial way.
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From page 47... ...
This long-range transverse order has been observed experimentally through the strong response of the system to a weak magnetic field applied in the plane of the electron gases in the presence of weak tunneling between the layers. Another interesting aspect of two-layer systems is that, despite their extreme proximity, it is possible to make separate electrical contact to each layer and perform drag experiments in which current in one layer induces a voltage in the other due to Coulomb or phonon-mediated interactions.
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From page 48... ...
The nature of these processes, including the issue of lu bricated friction, is a key problem of nonequilibrium physics. Granular materials are an example of a familiar class of materials of considerable industrial importance that have escaped scrutiny by physicists until recently.
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From page 49... ...
For example, as the genome project unfolds, uncovering seemingly endless genetic information, synthetic chemists and physicists face the daunting task of producing and understanding the complex interactions that govern biological function occurring at length scales ranging from atomic to supramolecular dimensions. Such problems may not succumb to the conventional reductive methods familiar to most physicists.
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From page 50... ...
The quantum Hall effect (QHE) and fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE)
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From page 51... ...
The graph ofthe transverse resistance appears to be a "devil's staircase" of an infinite number of steps of irregular width. Physicists have always been fascinated by the highly correlated electron gas.
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