Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 4 (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Johnson Space Center Toxicology Group Medical Operations Branch Houston, Texas PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Acetone is a clear, colorless, highly volatile, flammable liquid with a sweet, fruity aroma (odor threshold, l3 ppm) and excellent solvent properties.
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1975) on acetone suggests that normal blood acetone concentrations in women (~.~-4.2 mg°/O)
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973) reported that volunteers exposed to acetone at ~00 or 500 ppm absorbed approximately 75% of the inhaled vapor into the bloodstream.
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exposed volunteers to acetone vapor at 833 ppm for 3 h twice daily with a I-h break between exposures. They found concentrations of acetone at 190 ,ug/L in expired air at the end of the day.
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~ 982~. Carbon dioxide was a major constituent, and no detectable amounts of carbon monoxide were found in the expired air (Lof et al.
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affects the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, mucous membranes, and eyes. The following symptoms have been reported: CNS depression indicated by an initial stimulatory or excitatory restlessness phase followed by euphoria and hallucinations, narcosis, anesthesia, dyspnea, headache, vertigo, general muscular weakness including dysarthria and ataxia, and coma; nausea, vomiting, inflammation, andhematemesis; albuminuria, hematuria, andleukocyLuria; irritation of the nose, throat, and bronchi and dry throat; irritation of the eyes and transient corneal and conjunctival injury; hyperglycemia and increases in bilirubin and urine urobilin (Rowe and Wolf 1963; Mirchev 1977; Nelson and Webb ~ 978; Geller et al.
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During three control days, two subjects recorded slight eye irritation, one recorded throat irritation, and one developed a headache while in the chamber. During exposure at 200 ppm, two subjects reported eye irritation on ~ I, two reported transient dizziness, one had a headache after 3 h of exposure, and two complained of tiredness.
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1975~. Hematological effects observed in animals include bone-marrow hypoplasia in mate rats, but not in female rats, exposed to acetone in drinking water for 14 ~ at a dose of 6942 mg/kg/d (Dietz 1991~; macrocytic anemia in mate rats exposed at >200 mg/kg/~; nonspecific hematological effects not indicative of anemia in female rats exposed at 3100 mg/kg/d via drinking water for 13 w (Dietz 199 ~ )
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Seven ofthe eight experienced dizziness, a feeling of inebriation, throat and eye irritation, and weakness of the legs. After three 2-min exposures, one man complained oftightness ofthe chest lasting for about 4 h.
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, acetone was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TAl00, TA1535, or TAl537 with or without metabolic activation. Acetone did not induce sister chromatic exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells at doses up to 5 mg/mL with or without S9, and it did not induce micronuclei or polychromatic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of mice ingesting acetone at 5000-20,000 ppm in drinking water for 13 w.
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~ 987~. Acetone exposure reduces the rate of elimination of ethano!
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30 1 1 an A, of Hi cn c)
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ATSDR1994 ~ 3 (intermediate and chronic) ATSDR ~ 994 NIOSH's REL 250 ACGIH 1991 NRC's 1-h EEGL 8500 NRC 1984 NRC's 24-h EEGL 1000 NRC 1984 NRC's 90-d CEGL 200 NRC 1984 TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average; STEL, short-term exposure limit; PEL, permissible exposure limit; MRL, minimal risk level; REL, recommended exposure limit; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level.
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~ times the lower explosive limit should protect against hazardous accumulation of pockets of concentrated acetone vapor. Thus, the AC for explosion is set at 2600 ppm.
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The subjective responses were as follows: Controls, 4-d exposure: 200-ppm, 4-d exposure: 1000-ppm, 4- to 7-d exposure: 2 subjects reported slight irritation on 3 of 4 1 subject reported throat irritation ~ subject reported headache 2 subjects reported eye irritation on 2 subjects reported transient dizziness ~ subject reported a headache 2 subjects complained of tiredness 3 subjects complained of eye and throat irritation 3 subjects complained of tiredness Although dizziness would ordinarily be a concern, the transient nature of the effect and the lack of its appearance during the 1000-ppm exposures provide convincing evidence that the effect is marginal at best. Although tiredness was reported by several subjects, their objectively measured performance was never significantly affected.
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Accordingly, I-h AC = 500 ppm. In nonworking subjects exposed at 250 ppm, there was a significant increase the following day in the incidence of lack of energy compared with working controls.
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The study should include several objective measures, such as CNS effects (e.g., reaction times, visual acuity, and work capacity) and effects on menstrual cycle and hormonal levels, as well as subjective measures, such as sleepiness and headache.
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36 Cal o .~ Cal Cal o a' Cal C)
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1989. Pharmacological and metabolic interactions between ethanol and methyl n-butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, or acetone in mice.
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1979a. Effects of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone on a match-to-sample task in the baboon.
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1992. Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants.
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1973. Acute acetone intoxication involving eight male workers.
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1990. Roles of cytochrome-P450IIE1 in the dealkylation and denitrosation of N-nitrosodiethylamine in rat liver microsomes.
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