Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 4 (2000) / Chapter Skim
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B3 Hydrogen Chloride
B3 Hydrogen Chloride
Pages 60-88
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From page 60... ...
It is also used in hydrochIorination, alkylation, and polymerization reactions. Hydrochloric acid is the hydrated form of hydrogen chloride.
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From page 61... ...
They experienced irritation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, headache, nausea, and fainting. The symptoms were attributed to exposure to HCT and carbon monoxide, which are known to form when PVC is heated to 300°C.
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From page 62... ...
concentrations will not perturb the electroTyte homeostasis in the body enough to result in any systemic toxicity. Acute or Short-Term Exposures Irritation to the Respiratory System Human Studies HCl is an irritant to the mucous membranes and eyes; skin irritation could occur at very high exposure concentrations (Elkins 1959; Rom and Barkman
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From page 63... ...
The signs ranged from frothing at the mouth and coughing at the lower concentrations to head shaking, profuse salivation, blinking, and eye rubbing at the higher concentrations. The two baboons exposed to HCT at 16,600 or 17,300 ppm experienced severe and persistent dyspnea; pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and tracheitis were the major pathological findings in those two animals, which died at ~ ~ or 76 ~ after the exposure.
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From page 64... ...
1985~. Sensory irritation, characterized by a decrease in respiratory rate with lengthened expiration, results primarily from irritation of the nasal cavity; pulmonary irritation is characterized by an initial rise followed by a fall in respiratory rate, with a pause after each expiration.
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From page 65... ...
A nonatopic, nonsmoking man with a 6-y history of mild asthma developed a rapidly progressive and severe bronchospasm after cleaning a pool for about an hour with a product containing hydrochloric acid. After the incident, his asthma changed from mild to severe.
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From page 67... ...
The logarithm ofthe exposure concentrations was linearly related to the percentage decrease in RMV or respiratory rate. The drops in RMV paralleled the decreases in respiratory rate; that finding indicates that tidal volume was probably not affected.
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From page 68... ...
Death attributed to hepatic damage was observed in 12 rabbits and 23 guinea pigs; pathological findings included extensive parenchymal edema, congestion, necrosis, hemorrhage, fatty changes, cirrhotic sclerosis, or other degenerative changes. Liver lesions were also seen in animals that died of other causes.
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From page 69... ...
Using those data to calculate the C x T values for exposures that produced 50°/O mortality in rats exposed for 5 min.
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From page 70... ...
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures Toxicity of HCl in the Respiratory Tract Similar to acute and short-term repetitive exposures, subchronic and chronic exposures to HCT produce primarily mucosal irritation and possibly injuries to the upper respiratory system.
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From page 71... ...
The rats ofthe 20-ppm group showed minimal-to-mild rhinitis, and rhinitis in the 50-ppm group was mild. Similar results were observed in the rats killed after 90 ~ of HCT exposure (i.e., both strains of rats exposed to either 20 ppm or 50 ppm showed minimal-tomild rhinitis)
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From page 72... ...
Because the HCT exposure did not produce any mucosal injury in the nose and because HCI is believed to affect the nasal cavity more than other parts ofthe respiratory tract, the laryngeal and tracheal hyperplasia seen in 20% of the exposed rats was most likely only mild. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of normal cells in response to stimuli without any Toss of the normal cellular arrangement in a tissue (Robbing et al.
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From page 73... ...
(1985) also found no systemic toxicity in rats exposed to HCT at 10 ppm for 128 w.
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From page 74... ...
A co-exposure of rats to HCT at ~ 0 ppm and formaldehyde at 14 ppm for 128 w did not affect formaldehyde carcinogenesis in the nasal cavity. G en o to xicity No genotoxicity data for HC!
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From page 75... ...
The data are arranged in ascending order according to inhalation exposure concentrations.
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From page 77... ...
77 On o x o Cd Ct Cal o Cd V: · _ · _1 x JO In C)
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From page 78... ...
78 s .~, Cot C)
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From page 79... ...
79 ~cat cat ~cd · ~ ON 00 ~ - <1)
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From page 81... ...
81 oo c)
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From page 82... ...
NIOSH 1990 NIOSH's IDLH 100 NIOSH 1990 NRC's 90-d CEGE 0.5 NRC 1987 NRC's 24-h SPEGL 1 NRC 1987 NRC's 1-h SPEGL 1 NRC 1987 NRC's24-hEEGL 20 NRC 1987 NRC's 1-hEEGL 20 NRC 1987 NRC's 10-min EEGL 100 NRC 1987 TLV, Theshold Limit Value; PEL, permissible exposure limit; REL, recommended exposure limit; IDLH, immediately dangerous to life and health; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; SPEGL, short-term public emergency guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level. TABLE 3-7 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations Concentration, Concentration, Duration ppm mg/m3 Target Toxicity 1 h 5 7.5 URTirritation 24 h 2.5 3.8 URT irritation 7 da 1 1.5 URT irritation, lesions 30 ~1 1.5 URT irritation, lesions 180 ~1 1.5 URT irritation, lesions aPrevious 7-d SMAC =1 ppm (1.5 mg/m3~.
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From page 83... ...
Unfortunately, Elkins did not specify the degree of sensory irritation caused by HC1 at 5 ppm. Judging by Henderson and Haggard's finding that HCT at 10-50 ppm is tolerable for several hours and Bond's finding that some workers in chemical plants were routinely exposed to an average HC1 concentration of 3.75 ppm (Bond et al.
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From page 84... ...
Increasing the exposure time from 5 ~ to 90 ~ increased the incidence of minimal or mild rhinitis in rats exposed at 10 or 20 ppm but not at 50 ppm. In fact, for the F344 rats exposed at 50 ppm, the incidence of mild rhinitis was actually Tower when the exposure time increased (12 of 20 rats exposed for 5 vs.
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From page 85... ...
85 o oo _ _4 ~ ~ _ =^ .° Ct ~ 1 I ~_ so C)
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From page 86... ...
1974. Acute toxicity in rats and mice exposed to hydrogen chloride gas and aerosols.
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From page 87... ...
1988. Effects of hydrogen chloride on respiratory response and pulmonary function of the baboon.
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From page 88... ...
1976. Disturbance of development of the progeny of rats exposed to hydrogen chloride.
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