Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 4 (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants: Executive Summary
Appendix A: Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants: Executive Summary
Pages 7-14
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1992. Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants.
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Exposure to i- or 24-hr SMACs will not cause serious or permanent effects but may cause reversible effects that do not impair judgment or interfere with proper responses to emergencies such as fires or accidental releases. Long-term SMACs are intended to avoid adverse health effects (either immediate or delayed)
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A subsystem of the ECESS, the atmosphere revitalization system, which includes a mass spectrometer called the major constituent analyzer, will analyze cabin air for 02, N2, H2, CO, H 20, and CH 4 in all areas of the habitation and laboratory modules. A design criterion for the atmosphere revitalization subsystem is the maintenance of space-station exposure levels below the ~ 80-day SMACs under normal conditions.
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In Vitro Toxicity Studies Useful information can be obtained from studies conducted to investigate adverse effects of chemicals on cellular or subcellular systems in vitro. Systems in which toxicity data have been collected include isolated organ systems, single-cell systems, and tissue cultures from multicellular organisms maintained under defined conditions or from functional units derived from whole cells.
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Despite these limitations, if the populations studied are large enough and have been exposed to high enough doses over a sufficient period to allow for the expression of disease, epidemiological studies usually provide valuable information on the effects of exposure in humans without resorting to cross-species extrapolation or to exposing humans in an experimental situation to possible injuries from chemical hazards. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Evaluation of the health effects of any chemical in a given environment is greatly facilitated by an understanding of its physiological disposition in the body.
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Biological Markers Biological markers are indicators of change within an organism that link exposure to a chemical to subsequent development of adverse health effects. Biological markers within an exposed individual can indicate the degree of exposure to a pollutant and may provide evidence of the initial structural, functional, or biochemical changes induced by the exposure and, ultimately, the biochemical or physiological changes associated with adverse health effects.
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determining 30- or I80-day SMACs for carcinogens based on toxicological or epidemiological studies that often involve long-term or lifetime exposure; (3) considering limits set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and the National Research Council in developing SMACs; (4)
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