Safe Work in the 21st Century Education and Training Needs for the Next Decade's Occupational Safety and Health Personnel (2000) / Chapter Skim
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4 The Changing Workplace
4 The Changing Workplace
Pages 105-124
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From page 105... ...
Although there are some important exceptions, the rate of occupational injuries has been higher in the declining industries such as manufacturing than in industries that are expected to continue to grow, such as retail trade. The majority of workers are now employed by small firms, and that will be increasingly true for the new jobs being created.
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From page 106... ...
It has, for instance, continued its pattern of remarkable job growth by expanding by nearly 18 percent and adding more than 20 million jobs over the period from 1988 to 1998. Although noteworthy in itself and the envy of much of the industrial world, this dynamic growth has been accompanied by significant job market restructuring.
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From page 107... ...
TABLE 4-1 Employment by Major Industry Division in 1988 and 1998 and Projected Employment for 2010 (numbers of employees, in millions) Industry Group 1988 1998 2010 Total Nonfarm wage and salary Goods producing Mining Construction Manufacturing 117.8 104.6 25.1 0.7 5.1 19.3 Service producing 80.6 Transportation, communication, and public utilities 5.5 Wholesale trade 6.0 Retail trade 17.9 138.5 162.8 125.0 147.9 25.3 0.6 6.0 18.7 100.7 6.5 6.8 22.5 25.3 0.5 6.8 18.1 122.6 7.6 7.8 25.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate 6.6 7.3 8.2 Services 26.0 37.6 51.5 Personnel supply services 1.4 3.2 4.9 Computer and data processing services 0.7 1.6 2.8 Health services 7.1 9.8 11.7 Offices of medical doctors 1.2 1.8 2.8 Offices of dentists 0.5 0.6 0.7 Offices of other health practitioners 0.2 0.5 0.8 Nursing and personal care facilities 1.3 1.8 2.2 Hospitals 3.3 3.9 4.5 Social services 1.6 2.6 3.8 Federal government 3.0 2.7 2.6 State and local governments (including public schools)
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From page 108... ...
Occupational Group 1988 1998 2010 Executive, administrative, and managerial 12.1 14.4 17.5 Professional specialty occupations 14.7 19.7 26.4 Technicians and related support occupations 3.9 4.9 6.1 Marketing and sales occupations 12.1 15.5 18.6 Administrative support occupations, clerical 22.1 24.7 27.0 Service occupations 18.4 22.3 27.8 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations 3.6 3.8 3.8 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations 14.1 14.5 15.3 Operators, fabricators, and laborers 14.1 18.3 20.2 Total 117.8 138.5 162.8 SOURCE: Historical data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics Survey, selected years. The projections are by the Committee to Assess Training Needs for Occupational Safety and Health Personnel in the United States, Institute of Medicine, based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics' projections for 1996 to 2006.
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From page 109... ...
Several individual industries within this sector have made significant contributions to overall job growth. These include personnel supply services (the temporary help agencies)
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From page 110... ...
Business services such as computer and data processing and personnel supply firms are expected to be prominent in this job growth picture, adding 1.7 million and 1.2 million jobs, respectively. Health services is expected to grow by 1.8 million jobs, with offices of physicians, offices of other health care practitioners, nursing and personal care facilities, and hospitals each being very important in that growth.
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From page 111... ...
Thus, although the changing industrial structure of the economy all else being equal should continue to lead to slightly lower overall rates of occupational injuries, there are likely to be some important exceptions. In 1997, truck drivers, those in construction-related occupations, and those in health occupations had among the largest numbers of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses (Figure 4-1~.
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From page 112... ...
. Registered nurses Welders and cutters Stock handlers and baggers Cooks Carpenters Laborers, construction Janitors and cleaners Nursing aides and orderlies Laborers, nonconstruction Truck drivers 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Thousands of Injuries FIGURE 4-1 Occupations with the highest number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 1997.
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From page 113... ...
. 113 farm occupations, those in sales occupations, and construction laborers have the largest numbers of fatal occupational injuries.
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From page 114... ...
Other increasingly common workers whose employment situation deviates from the traditional employer-employee relationship are contingent workers, independent contractors, and on-call workers. Temporary Help Agencies As can be seen in Figure 4-2, the temporary help (personnel supply service)
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From page 115... ...
They were more likely to work in construction, agriculture, and services, and were somewhat less likely to be employed in wholesale or retail trade. In contrast to on-call workers and workers employed by temporary help agencies, who generally preferred to be in traditional work arrangements, more than 80 percent of independent contractors preferred their current arrangement.
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From page 116... ...
Also, the at-home employment rate was higher for those in the service industry, real estate, and wholesale trade. Although this one-time survey does not give trends, every expectation is that the phenomenon of working at home will grow and will further complicate the implementation of OSH programs and enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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From page 117... ...
However, the rate of multiplejob holding has gradually been declining among men but has been increasing rapidly among women. In the latest data women represent nearly 44 percent of those who hold multiple jobs, although in 1970 they represented less than 16 percent (Stinson, 1997~.
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From page 118... ...
However, over the same period, 1.5 million firms that existed in 1990 had failed by 1995, leaving a net addition of more than 250,000 new firms. This added 1.5 million jobs (22 percent of total jobs added over this period)
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From page 119... ...
In the overall service category, 62 percent of the net new jobs were in firms with less than 500 employees, and 29 percent were in firms with less than 20 employees. However, the split of jobs added in health care services was nearly evenly divided between those firms with less than 500 employees and those with more than 500 employees Additionally, the very small health care services firms provided only 15 percent of the net new jobs from 1990 to 1995.
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From page 120... ...
IMPLICATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL FATALITIES, INJURIES, AND ILLNESSES Many changes have taken place in the workplace over the last few decades, and many changes are projected in the future. For this report the question is what these changes imply for occupational fatalities, injuries, and illnesses, the implementation of workplace safety and health programs, and for the education and training of OSH personnel.
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From page 121... ...
These changes as a whole describe a significantly changing workplace, one very different from the large fixed-site manufacturing plants with unionized workers in which OSH professionals have made their greatest contributions. Unfortunately, there are not enough comprehensive data to determine if this implies lower or higher rates of occupational injuries and illnesses for the workforce as a whole.
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From page 122... ...
As noted in Chapter 1, there are well over 100 OSHA standards that govern workplace health and safety. There are only 2,488 federal and state OSHA inspectors responsible for enforcing the law at nearly 7 million workplaces (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2000~.
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From page 123... ...
Few of these standards say anything about quantity, quality, or efficacy, and as a result, they have had only limited success ensuring effective health and safety training in small workplaces and of the transient workforce. An exception may be that demand for OSHA-mandated worker education, exemplified by the 10-hour general industry and construction safety training courses, has grown dramatically as contractors and owners have included such requirements for hiring of workers or receiving a contract.
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From page 124... ...
Nevertheless, because of the limited mechanisms for reaching those workers who cannot be accessed through midsize to large employers, OSH campaigns in the media should be given renewed attention, perhaps supplemented by the Internet as a means of dealing with the diversity of the messages to be delivered. If regulation-driven worker education and more focused public education campaigns are deemed a priority in the future as a response to the changes in the workplace that have been outlined in this chapter, increasing demand for specialists in OSH will follow not only in the private sector but also in the public sector, union-based organizations, and academia.
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