Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors: Workshop Summary (2000) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Surveillance
3 Surveillance
Pages 42-56
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 42... ...
Relevant activities at the federal level include assessment of surveillance programs, funding of state activities, provision of services, and nationwide disease surveillance. At the state level, health departments establish the systems by which infection and disease are reported, data are gathered, and prevention is initiated.
|
From page 43... ...
to gather information on the extent to which state surveillance programs and state public health laboratories contribute to the surveillance of six specific diseases;)
|
From page 44... ...
In addition, among other activities, CDC sponsors the Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, the CDC Association of Public Health Laboratory Directors, and public health laboratory fellowships, and provides support for World Health Organization collaborating centers. 2Data may be found in the GAO report issued after the workshop was held, titled, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Consensus on Needed Laboratory Capacity Could Strengthen Surveillance, (GAO/HEHS-99-26, February 5, 1999~.
|
From page 45... ...
The: ~O::~:~has~: ~~there~re~recommer~ded~ ~ ~~:h~at~the~ ~;Di~rectors:~: Aloft: G~DC~ :: lead: an efforts atoll :he~lp ~ ~de~ral~:~sta~:~ And ~ loyal public :health officials create Consensus on the wren capabilities needed at~each~Ievel for ~aove~rnme~nt.~: : ~ :: ~ : ~ :: ~ :::: CDC's emerging infectious disease surveillance strategy makes an effort to take into account the diversity of needs and approaches through three complementary cooperative agreement programs: (1) the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity (ELC)
|
From page 46... ...
SOURCE: CDC, 1998. Eight EIP network sites distribute their activities among a variety of emerging infections program foci, including activities that address foodborne diseases (FoodNet)
|
From page 47... ...
In some areas the distribution varies by race with whites having a higher proportion of infection with resistant isolates than blacks (though blacks have a higher overall incidence of pneumococcal disease)
|
From page 48... ...
States FIGURE 3-3 Incidence of invasive Streptococcus pneumonias disease by geographic area and penicillin susceptibility. SOURCE: Cetron et al., 1997.
|
From page 49... ...
These guidelines included late prenatal screening to identify Group B streptococcus carriers, intrapartum prophylaxis of preterm deliveries and carriers, and empiric prophylaxis based on risk factors for Group B streptococcus disease at labor. Surveillance data later showed a decline in the incidence of neonatal Group B streptococcal infection, but only in the incidence of disease with onset early in life.
|
From page 50... ...
Assistant Director, Clinical Microbiology, SmithKline Beecham Private companies, such as SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, have an interest in antimicrobial agents and vaccines. To pursue these interests, antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance studies are conducted to determine the percentage of organisms that are susceptible to different antimicrobial agents Large commercial laboratories have several reasons to pursue surveillance: (1)
|
From page 51... ...
Traditional surveillance entails large-scale studies over a wide geographic region to collect isolates for susceptibility testing. Targeted surveillance involves searching for geographic areas where isolates are resistant.
|
From page 52... ...
ROLE OF THE PUBLIC-SECTOR LABORATORY AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL Joe McDade, Ph.D. Deputy Director, National Centerfor Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention In 1988, IOM defined public health as what society does collectively to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy (IOM, 1988~.
|
From page 53... ...
Another example of a key role of a national laboratory, such as CDC's National Center for Infectious Diseases, is in the characterization of various measles virus isolates to determine if prevention efforts have stopped the indigenous transmission of measles. To conduct this work, isolates were obtained throughout the world and were then sequenced for determination of their genotypes.
|
From page 54... ...
By mid-century there was a decline in the rate of infectious diseases and a rise in local laboratory expertise, which led to more focus at the state level on diseases of traditional public health importance such as tuberculosis, syphilis, and rabies and on specialized reference bacteriology and virology. By the 1970s another type of state public health facility, the combined or consolidated laboratory, emerged when the U.S Environmental Protection Agency was instituted and some public health laboratories expanded to include environmental testing.
|
From page 55... ...
As a result, public health laboratories can alert health care practitioners about the prevalence of new infectious agents in Iowa. In collaboration with the University of Iowa, the state Hygienic Laboratory conducts an antibiotic resistance surveillance program, looking for organisms that cause invasive diseases: enterococci, Streptococcus prze?
|
From page 56... ...
Preparation of state and private laboratories for bioterrorism events will enhance the ability to detect infectious diseases that emerge naturally.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.