Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A Water Reclamation Systems of Mir and the International Space Station
Appendix A Water Reclamation Systems of Mir and the International Space Station
Pages 115-130
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From page 115... ...
M/RWATER-RECOVERY SYSTEMS The Mir system for water reclamation and management consists of three isolated loops: one for recovering water from urine, one for recovering potable water from the humidity condensate in cabin air, and one for recovering water from hygiene wastewater. The hygiene loop is not currently in operation and no wash water is recovered.
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From page 116... ...
This system operated successfully aboard the Salyut stations beginning in 1975, and an upgraded version operales on Mir. In the Mir system, atmospheric humidity condensate is collected and processed into potable water by a condensate water processor located in the core module.
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From page 117... ...
FIGURE A-1 The Mir humidity condensate water-reclamation system, which is planned for the early phases of the International Space Station. On the ISS, this system will be located in the service module of the Russian segment.
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From page 118... ...
The distillate post-treatment and purification unit is identical to the humidity condensate processor. The urine is treated with sulfuric acid and a liquid solution of a commercially available oxidizer (similar to Oxone, described below)
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From page 119... ...
WATER-PROCESSING SYSTEM The U.S. water-reclamation system is a single-Ioop system to produce potable water from a mixture of urine distillate, humidity condensate, and hygiene (wash)
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From page 120... ...
water-reclamation system for the ISS. MCV, microbial check valve; TOC, total organic carbon.
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From page 121... ...
If the conductivity of the distillate (measured by a conductivity sensor in the VCD unit) exceeds 120 pS/cm, it is reprocessed; if the conductivity is acceptable, the effluent is sent via a wastewater distribution line to the combined wastewater processor upstream of a particulate filter.
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From page 122... ...
potable-water processing system. HX, heat exchanger; MCV, microbial check valve; PCWQM, process-control water quality monitor.
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From page 123... ...
The oxidizing conditions and the moderate temperature help to maintain microbial contamination at less than 100 colonyforming units per 100 mL of water. After catalytic oxidation, the feed water passes back through the regenerative heat exchanger for heat reclamation before passing through a polishing ion exchange resin, which removes organic acids and other ionic contaminants.
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From page 124... ...
Free gases (at STP) Inorganic Constituents, mild C Ammonia Arsenic Barium Cadmium Calcium Chlorine (total, includes chloride)
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From page 125... ...
Before the introduction of any radioactive constituents approval is to be obtained from the Radiation Constraints Panel, which will approve or disapprove proposed monitoring and decontamination procedures on a case-by-case basis. jUncharacterized TOC equals TOC minus the sum of analyzed organic constituents expressed in equivalent TOC.
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From page 126... ...
9-13, 1998) for the shut~de-Mir and ISS water supply and water quality.
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From page 127... ...
ATM, atmosphere; CFU, colony-forming units; COD, coefficient oxygen delivery; meq/L, milliequivalent per liter; NA, not applicable; NTU, nephelometric (turbidity) units; PFU, plaque-forming units; Pt-Co, platinum-cobalt scale; TIN, threshold taste number; TON, threshold odor.
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From page 128... ...
If a parameter not listed in this table is projected or found to be present in the reclaimed water, the water quality manager at the Johnson Space Center will be contacted to determine monitoring requirements. Selection will be based on determination of critical aesthetic parameters.
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Source: SSP 50005 Rev B August 1995, Figure 7.2.7.3.2.1-1; International Space Station Flight Crew Integration Standard NASA STD 3000T.
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1995. Phase III Integrated Water Recovery Testing at MSFC: International Space Station Configuration Test Results and Lessons Learned.
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