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68 questions with verbose answers were quantified, where mathematically and logically possible. However, responses of ânot applicable,â âinvalid,â or notes to delete answers to previous questions were not considered for analysis. parT 1: BacKGround inForMaTion question 1: Respondentâs Contact Information The responses to the survey questionnaire are presented in this appendix. The data were processed using a spreadsheet. If a state high- way agency (SHA) contributed two or more responses, those responses were combined into a single response. Except where explicitly noted, responses not from SHAs were excluded from the analysis. Additionally, SHAs that do not have falling weight deflectometer (FWD) programs were excluded from analysis. appendix B suMMarY oF surVeY resuLTs TABLE B1 SURVEy qUESTION 1: RESPONDENTâS CONTACT INFORMATION Agency/Organization Reporting Respondentâs Title Alabama Department of Transportation Assistant Pavement Management Engineer Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities State Pavement Engineer Arizona Department of Transportation Supervisor Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department Staff Planning Engineer California Department of Transportation Senior Transportation Engineer Colorado Department of Transportation E/PS Technician II Colorado Department of Transportation PE I Connecticut Department of Transportation Transportation Supervising Engineer (Pvt. Mgmt.) Florida Department of Transportation Pavement Performance Engineer Hawaii Department of Transportation, Highways Division Civil Engineer Idaho Transportation Department Assistant Materials Engineer Illinois Department of Transportation Pavement Analysis Engineer Indiana Department of Transportation Section Manager Iowa Department of Transportation Special Investigations Engineer Kansas Department of Transportation Pavement Evaluation Specialist Louisiana Transportation Research Center (Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development) Senior Pavement Research Engineer Maine Department of Transportation Falling Weight Deflectometer Coordinator Maryland State Highway Administration Assistant Division Chief Michigan Department of Transportation FWD Specialist, Pavement Performance Engineer Minnesota Department of Transportation Deflection Testing and Analysis Mississippi Department of Transportation FWD and Field Operations EIT Missouri Department of Transportation Pavement Engineer Montana Department of Transportation NDT Supervisor Nevada Department of Transportation Senior Materials Supervisor New Mexico Department of Transportation Geologist Manager New Jersey Department of Transportation Principal Engineer North Carolina Department of Transportation, Pavement Management Unit TE IIâPavement Design/ Analysis Engineer North Dakota Department of Transportation Transportation Engineer New york State Department of Transportation Civil Engineer 2 Ohio Department of Transportation Pavement Research Engineer Oregon Department of Transportation Pavement Design Engineer Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Maintenance and Operations Roadway Programs Specialist Rhode Island Department of Transportation Principal Civil Engineer continued
69 parT 2: FWd equipMenT TYpes questions 2â6: How many FWDs does your agency use? How old are they? TABLE B2 SURVEy qUESTIONS 2â6: âHOW MANy FWDS DOES yOUR AGENCy USE? HOW OLD ARE THEy?â FWD Manufacturer quantity of FWDs in Service (total) Ages of FWDs (years, average) Dynatest 61 14.33 Foundation Mechanics 15 5.71 KUAB 6 13.50 Carl Bro 0 Not applicable Other 0 Not applicable Total 82 11.18 FiguRe B1 survey response to Questions 2-6: âhow many FWDs does your agency use? how old are they?â TABLE B1 (continued) Agency/Organization Reporting Respondentâs Title South Dakota Department of Transportation Engineering Supervisor South Carolina Department of Transportation State Pavement Design Engineer Tennessee Department of Transportation CE Manager II Texas Department of Transportation Pavement Engineering Specialist Utah Department of Transportation Pavement Management Engineer Vermont Agency of Transportation Transportation Tech IV Virginia Department of Transportation NDT Manager Washington State Department of Transportation Engineer 4 West Virginia Department of Transportation HE4 Wisconsin Department of Transportation Engineering Specialist Dynatest Consulting, Inc. Marketing Manager Note: CE = Civil Engineer; E/PS = Engineering/Physical Science; HE = Highway Engineer; PE = Project Engineer; TE = Transportation Engineer; EIT = Engineer-in-Training.
70 parT 3: FWd equipMenT MainTenance question 7: Does your agency have a written FWD maintenance plan? FiguRe B2 survey response to Question 7: âDoes your agency have a written FWD maintenance plan?â question 8: If not, please describe your FWD maintenance activities. Include scheduling and activity descriptions. TABLE B3 SURVEy qUESTION 8: âIF NOT, PLEASE DESCRIBE yOUR FWD MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES: INCLUDE SCHEDULING AND ACTIVITy DESCRIPTIONSâ State Response Alaska Lubrication once a year. Relative calibration annually. Arizona Weekly system maintenance. California For FWD maintenance documentation we use the manufacturerâs manual. We have annual preventative mainte- nance performed at the manufacturerâs facility prior to the annual calibration. Routine maintenance activities are performed by FWD operators and equipment shop mechanics. Colorado Follow manufacturerâs schedule. The JILS is fairly maintenance free. Annual maintenance checks and service⢠Fluid check/change⢠Brakes⢠Tires⢠Mechanical check (FWD equipment)⢠Idaho Every 2 weeks the crew bleeds the hydraulic system. They do a daily check of the FWD trailer and schedule other maintenance as needed. Illinois Routine maintenance of tow vehicle. Repair operational problems with FWD as they arise. Indiana Winter maintenance activities include (maintenance procedures on) data acquisition, computer, sensors, cabling, mechanical, monitoring devices, and vehicles. Iowa Geosensor stability spring replacement annually⢠Load spring (bumper) replacement every 2 years⢠Cleaning, wiring maintenance, inspection annually⢠Kansas We check (our FWDs) out before each season looking for worn or broken parts, and we test them for proper operation. Louisiana Calibrated at manufacturer once a year, plus monthly relative calibration. continued
71 TABLE B3 (continued) State Response Maine Overall maintenance is completed on an as-needed basis. Greasing, oil changes, etc., are completed on a schedule. Maryland (We follow) manufacturersâ manual suggestions. Michigan yearly preventive maintenance program with ERI, Inc., the U.S. KUAB representative. Minnesota Routineâperformed weekly or as needed by the FWD operator. Annualâperformed yearly by agency personnel. Majorâperformed by vendor. Missouri We fix problems as they come up. Usually, we have to bleed air out of the hydraulic lines about once a year. Montana The vehicle maintenance is performed by our own mechanics, based on amount of mileage driven, and our opera- tors. Our mechanics perform scheduled maintenance every 5,000 and 30,000 miles. Once a year, they are inspected by the vendor during yearly SHRP calibration. Nebraska We do project maintenance and annually we send it to KUAB for maintenance. Nevada Vehicles (both tow vehicle and FWD) are checked out prior to leaving for the job. In addition, our Equipment Divi- sion has preventive maintenance checks that come due every 6 months. New Mexico (We perform) quarterly servicing, using service and maintenance manuals. Velocity transducer calibrations and technical support for maintenance and repairs (are provided by the) vendor. New york Our Equipment Management Facility at Waterford performs regular maintenance of FWD vehicles. We usually send (FWD trailers) to KUAB and Dynatest for maintenance; not every year, but at an interval of several years. North Dakota Monthlyâclean the sensor bases and holders with an emery cloth.⢠Every other dayâlubricate the sensor guides.⢠Once a monthâgrease the load cell.⢠Dailyâcheck hydraulic fluid level.⢠A draft manual of FWD procedures has been started but not finalized.⢠Ohio One day a week is set aside for data processing and maintenance, if needed. During the off season, equipment is inspected and preventive maintenance performed. Oregon Trailer serviced at 5,000-mile intervals with scheduled tow vehicle maintenance. Weekly calibration checks at five known locationsâtwo on PCC and three on AC. Sensor stack calibration check done every 8 weeks. Rhode Island Our FWD is not used very often and has not yet required any significant maintenance. South Carolina Monthly relative calibration, lubrication, and visual inspection. Biennial service visits to manufacturer. South Dakota Maintenance (is performed) in-house. Tennessee We do not currently utilize our FWD on a regular basis. Utah (We follow) manufacturersâ recommendations. Vermont Relative calibrations are done by operator, trailer maintenance by operator and state agency. Virginia Vehicle maintenance is done by the local VDOT shop on a maintenance schedule set up by the equipment division. Maintenance on the trailer and electronics is performed by the operator in accordance with guidelines established by the vendor. Washington State yearly maintenance service is performed on hydraulic system, catch assembly, batteries, and calibration of load cell and sensors. Wisconsin Greasing, oiling, sensor calibration, DMI (distance measuring instrument) calibration, troubleshooting electronics, and battery testing.
72 question 9: Who performs maintenance activities on the FWD equipment your agency uses? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe 3 survey response to Question 29, âWhat kind of flexible pavement field testing manual does your agency use?â question 10: Who performs maintenance activities on the FWD vehicles your agency uses? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B4 survey response to Question 10: âWho performs maintenance activities on the FWD vehicles your agency uses?â (Check all that apply.)
73 question 11: Please describe any additional practices that have kept your FWD equipment in good working order. TABLE B4 SURVEy qUESTION 11: âPLEASE DESCRIBE ANy ADDITIONAL PRACTICES THAT HAVE KEPT yOUR FWD EqUIPMENT IN GOOD WORKING ORDERâ State/Manufacturer Response Alabama Technicians perform weekly walk-around prior to taking equipment out. Alaska Check lube, tightness of bolts and connections. Arizona Weekly system service. California We have a vehicle usage and/or time limit for vehicle maintenance. Routine inspection of the FWD equipment is also performed at those maintenance intervals. FWD problems are either fixed in-house or sent to the manufacturer to fix. Colorado Garaged to protect it from weather when not in use. Continuous operator maintenance during use. Florida Monthly visual checks for all general items such as lights, tires, sun degradation of electrical components, and general corrosion of exposed components. Idaho We perform relative calibrations to check for problems. Check and replace worn or damaged parts. Indiana No winter testing. Iowa Replacement of geosensors every 3 years. Replacement of transducer approx. 5 years (depending on usage/wear). Annual calibration at Denver, Colorado, facility. Monthly relative calibrations of geosensors. Louisiana We have a full-time mechanic who keeps all of our equipment in working condition. Maryland Operator involvement (ownership). Michigan Common sense. Missouri We try to house the equipment indoors as much as possible. Montana Our FWDs and their vehicles are pressure washed and the inside of the vehicle is wiped down every Thursday. This helps with dust in the computer systems and then all of the hydraulic rams can be inspected and lubed. Nevada Vehicles are kept clean. Any signs of leaks are fixed ASAP. If we have any operating problems that we cannot resolve, we call the manufacturer for assistance. New Jersey We also perform in-house maintenance as necessary. New Mexico Operational standards are set for testing. Daily walk-around inspection of the working parts for unit. New york Our operator attends the FWD User Group meeting where operators discuss FWD maintenance. FWD Calibration Center Operator also provides tips regarding good maintenance habits. North Carolina Sheltered storage and washed regularly. Oregon Services are done at 5,000-mile intervals at same time the towing vehicle is serviced. Pennsylvania Keeping all the components clean and the FWD units indoors when they are not being used. South Carolina Our oldest unit was overhauled and updated by the manufacturer approximately 10 years ago. Utah Annual calibration. Vermont Stored in a heated garage. Washington Daily pre-inspection inspection of working operation. Wisconsin Strive to gain rudimentary knowledge of electrical symbols and components to help in trouble shooting. Dynatest Consulting, Inc. We have several different maintenance/overhaul/upgrade plans to meet customer needs and budgets.
74 parT 4: FWd equipMenT caLiBraTion question 12: Does your agency require calibration of FWD equipment? FiguRe B5 survey response to Question 12: âDoes your agency require calibration of FWD equipment?â question 13: If yes, how often do you perform relative calibrations? FiguRe B6 survey response to Question 13: âif yes, how often do you perform relative calibrations?â
75 question 14: If yes, how often do you perform reference calibrations? FiguRe B7 survey response to Question 14: âif yes, how often do you perform reference calibrations?â question 15: Whose procedure do you follow to perform a relative calibration? (If you choose other, please specify your procedureâincluding load magnitudes and repetitionsâin the space below or provide a copy to fwdsurvey@ste-group.com.) FiguRe B8 survey response to Question 15: âWhose procedure do you follow to perform a relative calibration?â (if you choose other, please specify your procedureâincluding load magnitudes and repetitionsâin the space below, or provide a copy to fwdsurvey@ste-group.com.)
76 question 16: What surface do you use to conduct a periodic relative calibration test? FiguRe B9 survey response to Question 16: âWhat surface do you use to conduct a periodic relative calibration test?â question 17: Where do you have your reference calibrations done (organization name, city, and state)? FiguRe B10 survey response to Question 17, organized by facility name and location: âWhere do you have your reference calibrations done?â (organization name, city, and state)
77 FiguRe B11 survey response to Question 17, organized by facility operator: âWhere do you have your reference calibrations done?â (organization name, city, and state) question 18: If your agency does require calibration, how far must the equipment typically travel? FiguRe B12 survey response to Question 18, reference calibrations: âif your agency does require calibration, how far must the equipment typically travel?â
78 FiguRe B13 survey response to Question 18, relative calibrations: âif your agency does require calibration, how far must the equipment typically travel?â question 19: If your agency does require calibration, what is the approximate cost per calibration session, including total labor, materials, travel, and incidental expenses? FiguRe B14 survey response to Question 19, relative calibrations: âif your agency does require calibration, what is the approximate cost per calibration session, including total labor, materials, travel, and incidental expenses?â
79 FiguRe B15 survey response to Question 19, reference calibrations: âif your agency does require calibration, what is the approximate cost per calibration session, including total labor, materials, travel, and incidental expenses?â question 20: Would your agency favor additional calibration centers? FiguRe B16 survey response to Question 20: âWould your agency favor additional calibration centers?â
80 question 21: Would your agency sponsor such a calibration facility? FiguRe B17 survey response to Question 21: âWould your agency sponsor such a calibration facility?â parT 5: GeneraL FWd TesTinG procedures question 22: How many crew members do you use to operate an FWD unit on a typical project? FiguRe B18 survey response to Question 22: âhow many crew members do you use to operate an FWD unit on a typical project?â
81 question 23: What facilities do you test with the FWD? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B19 survey response to Question 23: âWhat facilities do you test with the FWD?â (Check all that apply.) question 24: What is the average lead time from the date you receive a request to the date of testing? FiguRe B20 survey response to Question 24: âWhat is the average lead time from the date you receive a request to the date of testing?â
82 question 25: What is the average turnaround time from the date of testing to the date the results are submitted to your customer? FiguRe B21 survey response to Question 25: âWhat is the average turn-around time from the date of testing to the date the results are submitted to your customer?â question 26: Is there an equipment inspection checklist prior to testing? FiguRe B22 survey response to Question 26: âis there an equipment inspection checklist prior to testing?â
83 question 27: Is there a written warm-up procedure prior to testing? FiguRe B23 survey response to Question 27: âis there a written warm-up procedure prior to testing?â question 28: Who provides traffic control? FiguRe B24 survey response to Question 28: âWho provides traffic control?â
84 parT 6: FWd FieLd TesTinGâFLexiBLe paVeMenTs question 29: What kind of flexible pavement field testing manual does your agency use? FiguRe B25 survey response to Question 29: âWhat kind of flexible pavement field testing manual does your agency use?â question 30: How much time does a complete flexible pavement network-level FWD testing cycle take? FiguRe B26 survey response to Question 30: âhow much time does a complete flexible pavement network level FWD testing cycle take?â
85 question 31: For flexible pavement at the network level, are FWD tests done before the project starts, after the project is com- pleted, or both? FiguRe B27 survey response to Question 31: âFor flexible pavement at the network level, are FWD tests done before the project starts, after the project is completed, or both?â question 32: For any given flexible pavement project, approximately how soon before the project starts does your agency perform FWD tests? FiguRe B28 survey response to Question 32: âFor any given flexible pavement project, approximately how soon before the project starts does your agency perform FWD tests?â
86 question 33: For any given flexible pavement project, approximately how soon after the project is completed does your agency perform FWD tests? FiguRe B29 survey response to Question 33: âFor any given flexible pavement project, approximately how soon after the project is completed does your agency perform FWD tests?â question 34: Where on flexible pavements are data collected? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B30 survey response to Question 34: âWhere on flexible pavements are data collected?â (Check all that apply.)
87 questions 35â38: For each of the following levels, describe your flexible pavement measurement variables, where applicable. question 35: Project level (including forensics) FiguRe B31 survey responses to Question 35, Project level (including Forensics): âFor each of the following levels, describe your flexible pavement measurement variables, where applicable.â
88 TABLE B5 SURVEy qUESTION 35: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLE.â FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES AT THE PROJECT LEVEL (INCLUDING FORENSICS) Responding State No. of Temperature Gradient Holes Temperature Gradient Hole Depth(s) Temperature Gradient Hole Measurement Frequency Alabama 1 Pavement mid-depth 1 min Idaho 1 3 in. 20 min Louisiana 1 1 in. 1 min Nebraska 1 Pavement mid-depth 20 min New Mexico 3 â â Pennsylvania 1 1 in. 1 min Texas 2 1 in. 20 min Vermont 1 or 2 Pavement mid-depth 120 min Note: â = no response given. TABLE B6 SURVEy qUESTION 35: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLE.â OTHER FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TESTING VARIABLES AT THE PROJECT LEVEL (INCLUDING FORENSICS) Responding State Other Testing Variables Alabama All projects more than 1 mile in length are tested every two-tenths of a mile. Projects less then 1 mile are tested every tenth of a mile. Alaska No temp gradient holes are done. Air and surface temperatures. California Recorded data for temperature is ambient and pavement surface. Colorado We follow LTPP drop sequence and sensor spacing. Florida Temperatures are only measured for research projects where the bound surface layer needs evaluation. Idaho Temperatures taken at mid-depth of pavement a minimum of once per hour. Indiana Only surface temperature is measured. Iowa Surface temperatures are obtained with the temperature sensor on the FWD unit at time of test. Kansas Varies. Maine We do not use gradient holes. Maryland The drop weights, sequence, etc., are project-specific depending on information required. Michigan Air and surface temperature. Mississippi Temperature of air and surface of the pavement. Montana We use previous day mean temperatures for our temperature correction. No temperature holes are drilled. Nevada We use infrared surface temperatures for gathering temperature data. This measurement is taken at every test location. New Jersey Various LTPP setups (are employed). New york We perform load transfer efficiency tests on PCC joints. North Carolina Asphalt surface temperature is measured at every drop location. Pennsylvania We do not drill any holes for temperatures. Utah We measure surface temperature. Washington Infrared measurement per location and conversion using the bell method.
89 question 36: Network level FiguRe B32 survey responses to Question 36, network level: âFor each of the following levels, describe your flexible pavement measurement variables, where applicable.â
90 TABLE B7 SURVEy qUESTION 36: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLE.â FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES AT THE NETWORK LEVEL Responding State No. of Temperature Gradient Holes Temperature Gradient Hole Depth(s) Temperature Gradient Hole Measurement Frequency New Mexico 3 â â Montana 1 1 in. 1 min Texas 1 1 in. 20 min Note: â = no response given. TABLE B8 SURVEy qUESTION 36: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ OTHER FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TESTING VARIABLES AT THE NETWORK LEVEL Responding State Other Testing Variables Alaska No temp gradient holes are done. We measure surface and air temperatures. California Network-level testing is not performed. Florida FDOT only evaluates project-level tests, and does not conduct network-level testing. Hawaii Network-level testing is not currently being conducted. Indiana Only surface temperature is measured. Iowa Surface temperatures are obtained with temperature sensor on the FWD unit at test time. Maine We do not use gradient holes. Michigan Surface and air temperature. New Jersey LTPP setups are used. We do not do in-house network Heavy Weight Deflectometer testing. Stantec consulting did some network-level testing for us a few years back. Pennsylvania We only perform project-level FWD testing. Utah We measure surface temperature. Wisconsin No testing is done on network level.
91 question 37: Research level FiguRe B33 survey responses to Question 37, Research: âFor each of the following levels, describe your flexible pavement measurement variables, where applicable.â
92 TABLE B9 SURVEy qUESTION 37: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLE.â FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES FOR RESEARCH Responding State No. of Temperature Gradient Holes Temperature Gradient Hole Depth(s) Temperature Gradient Hole Measurement Frequency Florida 3 2 in. â Idaho 1 3 in. 20 min Illinois 1 5 in. â Louisiana 1 1 in. 1 min Montana 1 1 in. 1 min Vermont 2 Mid-depth 120 min Note: â = no response given. TABLE B10 SURVEy qUESTION 37: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLE.â OTHER FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TESTING VARIABLES FOR RESEARCH Responding State Other Testing Variables California Recorded data for temperature is ambient and pavement surface. Colorado We do what is requested by the customer. No set procedure for research. Idaho If the test section is short, test (temperature gradient) hole at the beginning and end of testing but not less than once per hour. Iowa Everything varies by project. Kansas Varies (by project). Maryland Extremely variable dependent on requirements. Nevada We use infrared surface temperatures for gathering temperature data. This measurement is taken at every test location. New york Load transfer efficiency tests are performed on PCC joints. North Carolina Asphalt surface temperature is measured at every drop location. Texas Many variables. Utah Same testing procedure (as project level) unless something specific is asked for. Virginia Drop sequence and sensor spacing is as requested. question 38: Other levels TABLE B11 SURVEy qUESTION 38: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ (OTHER LEVELS USED) Responding State Description Loading Conditions Sensor Spacings Temperature Gradient Holes Other Testing Variables Alaska AirportâB747 4 replicate drops at 55 kips each 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 in. None Surface and air tempera- tures are measured North Dakota Spring load restrictions 3 replicate drops at 7, 9, and 9 kips 0, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, and 60 in. None â Washington Load transfer 2 replicate drops at 4 lb each â12, 0, and 12 in. None Infrared (temperature measurement) Note: â = no response given.
93 question 39: Under which of these conditions is flexible pavement testing not allowed? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B34 survey response to Question 39: âunder which of these conditions is flexible pavement testing not allowed?â (Check all that apply.) parT 7: FWd FieLd TesTinGâriGid paVeMenTs question 40: What kind of rigid field testing manual does your agency use? FiguRe B35 survey response to Question 40: âWhat kind of rigid field testing manual does your agency use?â
94 question 41: How much time does a complete rigid pavement network-level FWD testing cycle take? FiguRe B36 survey response to Question 41: âhow much time does a complete rigid pavement network level FWD testing cycle take?â question 42: For rigid pavement at the network level, are FWD tests done before the project starts, after the project is com- pleted, or both? FiguRe B37 survey response to Question 42: âFor rigid pavement at the network level, are FWD tests done before the project starts, after the project is completed, or both?â
95 question 43: For any given rigid pavement project, approximately how soon before the project starts does your agency per- form FWD tests? FiguRe B38 survey response to Question 43: âFor any given rigid pavement project, approximately how soon before the project starts does your agency perform FWD tests?â question 44: For any given rigid pavement project, approximately how soon after the project is completed does your agency perform FWD tests? FiguRe B39 survey response to Question 44: âFor any given rigid pavement project, approximately how soon after the project is completed does your agency perform FWD tests?â
96 question 45: Where on rigid pavements are data collected? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B40 survey response to Question 45: âWhere on rigid pavements are data collected?â (Check all that apply.)
97 questions 46â49: For each of the following levels, describe your rigid pavement measurement variables, where applicable. question 46: Project level (including forensics) FiguRe B41 survey responses to Question 46, Project level (including Forensics): âFor each of the following levels, describe your rigid pavement measurement variables, where applicable.â
98 TABLE B12 SURVEy qUESTION 46: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR RIGID PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ RIGID PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES AT THE PROJECT LEVEL (INCLUDING FORENSICS) Responding State No. of Temperature Gradient Holes Temperature Gradient Hole Depth(s) Temperature Gradient Hole Measurement Frequency Idaho 1 Pavement mid-depth 20 min Louisiana 1 1 in. 1 min Montana 1 1 in. 1 min Wisconsin 1 Bottom of slab â Michigan 4 1, 3, 5, and 8 in. 15 min Note: â = no response given. TABLE B13 SURVEy qUESTION 46: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR RIGID PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLE.â OTHER RIGID PAVEMENT TESTING VARIABLES AT THE PROJECT LEVEL (INCLUDING FORENSICS) Responding State Other Testing Variables Alabama All projects more than 1 mile in length are tested every two-tenths of a mile; projects less then 1 mile are tested every tenth of a mile. Alaska No temperature gradient holes are done. Air and surface temperatures are measured. Testing is done at centerline of slab and across joints. California For temperature, we record ambient and pavement surface temperatures. Colorado We follow LTPP test sequence in center of slab. Idaho Temperature is taken at mid-depth of pavement at a minimum of one per hour. Indiana Surface temperature only. Iowa Surface temperatures are obtained with temperature sensor at test time. Kansas Varies. Maryland Varies depending on project. Michigan Time history testing. Nevada We use infrared surface temperatures for gathering temperature data. This measurement is taken at every test location. New Jersey We employ various LTPP setups and loads to 16,000 lb. North Carolina Asphalt surface temperature is taken at every drop location. Pennsylvania We do not drill any holes for taking temperatures.
99 question 47: Network level FiguRe B42 survey responses to Question 47, network level: âFor each of the following levels, describe your rigid pavement measurement variables, where applicable.â
100 TABLE B14 SURVEy qUESTION 47: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR RIGID PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ RIGID PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES AT THE NETWORK LEVEL Responding State No. of Temperature Gradient Holes Temperature Gradient Hole Depth(s) Temperature Gradient Hole Measurement Frequency Michigan 4 1, 3, 5, and 9 in. 15 min Montana 1 1 in. 1 min Note: â = no response given. TABLE B15 SURVEy qUESTION 47: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR RIGID PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ OTHER RIGID PAVEMENT TESTING VARIABLES AT THE NETWORK LEVEL Responding State Other Testing Variables Alaska No temperature gradient holes are done. Air and surface temps are measured. Testing is done at centerline of slab and across joints. Indiana Surface temperature only. Iowa Surface temperature obtained with temperature sensor at test time. Utah Only tests for load transfer are done at network level.
101 question 48: Research level FiguRe B43 survey responses to Question 48, Research: âFor each of the following levels, describe your rigid pavement measurement variables, where applicable.â
102 TABLE B16 SURVEy qUESTION 48: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR RIGID PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ RIGID PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES FOR RESEARCH Responding State No. of Temperature Gradient Holes Temperature Gradient Hole Depth(s) Temperature Gradient Hole Measurement Frequency Idaho 1 Pavement mid-depth 20 min Illinois 1 5 in. â Louisiana 1 1 in. 1 min Montana 1 1 in. 1 min Wisconsin 1 Slab bottom â Note: â = no response given. TABLE B17 SURVEy qUESTION 48: âFOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS, DESCRIBE yOUR RIGID PAVEMENT MEASUREMENT VARIABLES, WHERE APPLICABLEâ OTHER RIGID PAVEMENT TESTING VARIABLES FOR RESEARCH Responding State Other Testing Variables California Recorded data for temperature is ambient and pavement surface. Colorado We test when requested and researchers let us know what they want. Florida Load transfer and corner slab analysis with a.m. and p.m. testing, center slab analysis. Idaho Temperature taken at mid-depth of pavement at a minimum of once per hour. Indiana Surface temperature only. Iowa Varies by project request. Kansas Varies by research request. Maryland Varies widely. Michigan Depending on research requests, everything can vary. Nevada We use infrared surface temperatures for gathering temperature data. This measurement is taken at every test location. New Jersey We employ various LTPP setups with loads to 16,000 lb. North Carolina Asphalt surface temperature is taken at every drop location. Virginia Number of drops, drop heights, load and location will be as per the request. question 49: Other levels No responses were given to this question.
103 question 50: Under which of these conditions is rigid pavement testing not allowed? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B44 survey responses to Question 50: âunder which of these conditions is rigid pavement testing not allowed?â (Check all that apply.) parT 8: FWd coMpuTers question 51: What type of field data collection computers are most commonly used? FiguRe B45 survey response to Question 51: âWhat type of field data collection computers are most commonly used?â
104 question 52: What is the name of the FWD data collection software used in the field? (Separate multiple names and versions with commas.) FiguRe B46 survey responses to Question 52, by title and by vendor: âWhat is the name of the FWD data collection software used in the field?â (separate multiple names and versions with commas.) question 53: In which format does your FWD equipment give its output? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B47 survey response to Question 53: âin which format does your FWD equipment give its output?â (Check all that apply.)
105 question 54: What operating system does your FWD unit(s) use? FiguRe B48 survey response to Question 54: âWhat operating system does your FWD unit(s) use?â parT 9: daTa anaLYsis question 55: Which of the following data checks are performed by FWD operators? (Check all that apply.) FiguRe B49 survey response to Question 55: âWhich of the following data checks are performed by FWD operators?â (Check all that apply.)
106 question 56: What software is used to perform data quality checks in the field? (Separate multiple names and versions with commas.) FiguRe B50 survey response to Question 56: âWhat software is used to perform data quality checks in the field?â (separate multiple names and versions with commas.) question 57: What software is used to perform data quality checks in the office? (Separate multiple names and versions with commas.) FiguRe B51 survey response to Question 57: âWhat software is used to perform data quality checks in the office?â (separate multiple names and versions with commas.)
107 question 58: Does your agency use FWD data to estimate pavement layer moduli? FiguRe B52 survey response to Question 58: âDoes your agency use FWD data to estimate pavement layer moduli?â question 59: What software is used to perform layer modulus calculations using FWD data? (Separate multiple names and versions with commas.) FiguRe B53 survey response to Question 59: âWhat software is used to perform layer modulus calculations using FWD data?â (separate multiple names and versions with commas.)
108 question 60: Does your agency use a seasonal and/or temperature adjustment factor(s) in determining layer moduli using FWD data? FiguRe B54 survey response to Question 60: âDoes your agency use a seasonal and/or temperature adjustment factor(s) in determining layer moduli using FWD data?â parT 10: daTa ManaGeMenT and sToraGe question 61: Are FWD program and configuration backups stored in the FWD vehicle? FiguRe B55 survey response to Question 61: âare FWD program and configuration backups stored in the FWD vehicle?â
109 question 62: Does the FWD Operator back up FWD data files to any external media (e.g., floppy disks, CD-ROM, USB flash drive, etc.) prior to leaving the test site? FiguRe B56 survey response to Question 62: âDoes the FWD operator back up FWD data files to any external media (e.g., floppy disks, CD-RoM, usB flash drive, etc.) prior to leaving the test site?â question 63: How long are raw FWD field data stored? FiguRe B57 survey response to Question 63: âhow long are raw FWD field data stored?â
110 parT 11: personneL TraininG question 64: How many months of training is required for new FWD operators? FiguRe B58 survey response to Question 64: âhow many months of training is required for new FWD operators?â question 65: How many months of training is required for new FWD data analysts? FiguRe B59 survey response to Question 65: âhow many months of training is required for new FWD data analysts?â
111 question 66: Does your agency provide training to FWD operators? FiguRe B60 survey response to Question 66: âDoes your agency provide training to FWD operators?â question 67: If yes, please describe. TABLE B18 SURVEy qUESTION 67: âDOES yOUR AGENCy PROVIDE TRAINING TO FWD OPERATORS? IF yES, PLEASE DESCRIBEâ Responding State FWD Operator Training Description Alabama Alabama provides in-house training for our FWD operator; the junior operator is paired with a senior operator for 6 months to get a feel for different testing situation. Alaska Our two operators were trained years ago. Arizona Provided by trained operator. California On-the-job training. Colorado In-house training by supervisor. Florida In-house training on safety, equipment operation, and trouble shooting. Hawaii Hands-on with an experienced FWD operator. Idaho On-the-job training. Illinois In-house, on-the-job training. Indiana On-the-field training. Kansas New trainees go out with an experienced operator for several months. Louisiana On-the-job training. We receive training from Dynatest as well. Maine On-the-job training. Maryland In-house with current operator. Michigan On-the-job training, supplemented with manufacturerâs training when funding is available. Minnesota On-the-job training with experienced operator. Montana The NDT supervisor instructs the new operators. Nebraska Previous operator trains the new operator. continued
112 TABLE B18 (continued) Responding State FWD Operator Training Description Nevada The operator must review and demonstrate the operations plan on at least three projects before they are allowed to go to the field by themselves. They must understand where to find the troubleshooting information in the vendor- supplied manuals. They must be able to understand and try to fix any problem before calling the office or the ven- dor for assistance. New Jersey Vendor training. New Mexico On-the-job training only. North Carolina New operators must complete in-house training requirements with an experienced FWD operator until trainee meets proficiency in all operational aspects. Oregon In-house crew training by crew leader. Pennsylvania The FWD operation and trouble shooting procedures from the FWD manufacturer. ASTM data collection procedures. South Carolina Must ride with certified operator for a period of time to show proficiency and pass test to operate. Texas Typically a 2-day class for new operators. Utah On-the-job training. Vermont No new operators for the last 13 years. West Virginia Present operator does the training. Wisconsin Training provided by past FWD operator. question 68: Does your agency provide training to FWD data analysts? FiguRe B61 survey response to Question 68: âDoes your agency provide training to FWD data analysts?â
113 question 69: If yes, please describe. TABLE B19 SURVEy qUESTION 69: âDOES yOUR AGENCy PROVIDE TRAINING TO FWD DATA ANALySTS? IF yES, PLEASE DESCRIBEâ Responding State FWD Operator Training Description Alabama On-the-job training. Alaska We have brought Dynatest Consultants here for training. Arizona Provided by trained operator. Arkansas Case-by-case personal training. Colorado In-house training by supervisor. Florida We provide in-house and district training for data analysis for project engineers or FWD technicians. Idaho On-the-job training Illinois In-house training. Indiana In-house training based on experience. Kansas People with experience show the new people how to use the data. Louisiana On-the-job training. We attend Dynatest training sessions as well. Maine On-the-job training. Maryland In-house user support. Michigan On-the-job training, with informal training by University of Michigan and Michigan State University professors. Minnesota Occasional NHI course. Montana The NDT supervisor and his lead operator do this training. Nebraska Previous operator trains the new operator. Nevada (FWD data analysts) must understand the basics of the FWD data and how it relates to the pavement. With this in mind, they learn to correct deflection values for temperature and the thickness of the asphalt. They must be able to use Excel. The analysts in our office have all spent time operating the FWD. New Jersey Vendor-provided software training. New york We provide hands-on training on regular basis. North Carolina New analysts train under an experienced analyst/engineer until proficiency is met in all operational/analytical aspects. North Dakota The vendor has given a class. Ohio FWD data analysts have taken the NHI course. Oregon Part of the agency pavement designerâs responsibility. South Dakota In-house training. West Virginia Present operator performs the training. Wisconsin Self-taught with constant contact with industry professionals, and leaders in FWD data analysis field.
114 question 70: Does your agency have a certification program for FWD operators? FiguRe B62 survey response to Question 70: âDoes your agency have a certification program for FWD operators?â question 71: If yes, please describe. TABLE B20 SURVEy qUESTION 71: âDOES yOUR AGENCy HAVE A CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FWD OPERATORS? IF yES, PLEASE DESCRIBEâ Responding State FWD Operator Training Description South Carolina Must ride with certified operator for a period of time to show proficiency and pass test to operate. question 72: Does your agency have a certification program for FWD data analysts? FiguRe B63 survey response to Question 72: âDoes your agency have a certification program for FWD data analysts?â
115 question 73: If yes, please describe. No responses were given to this question. question 74: Does your agency send representatives to the annual FWD Userâs Group meeting? FiguRe B64 survey response to Question 74: âDoes your agency send representatives to the annual FWD userâs group meeting?â question 75: Would your agency support a National Highway Institute (NHI) course on FWD usage? FiguRe B65 survey response to Question 75: âWould your agency support a national highway institute (nhi) course on FWD usage?â
116 parT 12: FWd proGraM adMinisTraTionâparT 1 oF 2 questions 76 and 77: How many full-time staff are involved with your FWD program? If you answered others, please describe. FiguRe B66 survey response to Questions 76 and 77: âhow many full-time staff are involved with your FWD program? if you answered others, please describe.â question 78: Have there been any FWD-related accidents within the past 5 years? FiguRe B67 survey response to Question 78: âhave there been any FWD-related accidents within the past 5 years?â
117 question 79: If yes, how many? FiguRe B68 survey response to Question 79: âif yes, how many?â question 80: Please describe the type(s) and severity of FWD-related accidents within the past 5 years. FiguRe B69 survey response to Question 80: âPlease describe the type(s) and severity* of FWD-related accidents within the past 5 years.â
118 parT 13: FWd proGraM adMinisTraTionâparT 2 oF 2 question 81: Does your agency have an FWD quality Control and/or quality Assurance plan(s) in effect for your entire FWD program (e.g., data collection, data analysis, data storage, maintenance, etc.)? FiguRe B70 survey response to Question 81: âDoes your agency have an FWD Quality Control and/or Quality assurance plan(s) in effect for your entire FWD program (e.g., data collection, data analysis, data storage, maintenance, etc.)?â question 82: What is the average annual operating budgetâincluding labor, materials, travel, etc.âfor your FWD testing program? FiguRe B71 survey response to Question 82: âWhat is the average annual operating budgetâincluding labor, materials, travel, etc.âfor your FWD testing program?â
119 question 83: What fraction of your FWD program budget is applied to in-house activities? To outsourced activities? FiguRe B72 survey response to Question 83: âWhat fraction of your FWD program budget is applied to in-house activities? to outsourced activities?â question 84: If outsourced, what are the contract requirements for personnel training, equipment calibration, data quality, and other deliverables? TABLE B21 SURVEy qUESTION 84: âIF OUTSOURCED, WHAT ARE THE CONTRACT REqUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL TRAINING, EqUIPMENT CALIBRATION, DATA qUALITy, AND OTHER DELIVERABLES?â Responding State Contract Requirements Alaska Outsourced activities involve using the stateâs FWDs and personnel to collect data off state property (e.g., for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). California Current outsourced services are for manufacturer maintenance, parts, repairs, and calibration. Florida Follow FDOT procedures including training, equipment used, calibration, data quality checks, and deliverables as described in FDOT handbook. Nebraska The repairs and calibration is outsourced to KUAB. Oregon Proof of yearly calibration, deliverable of hard and electronic copy of the data in FWD format. Texas Calibration certification by LTPP contractor.
120 question 85: What percentage of your FWD program budget is dedicated to each of the following levels? TABLE B22 SURVEy qUESTION 85: âWHAT PERCENTAGE OF yOUR FWD PROGRAM BUDGET IS DEDICATED TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS?â Level Average (%) Median (%) Mode (%) Project Level (including forensics) 63.7 79.5 90.0 Network Level 11.3 0 0 Research Level 22.4 10.0 10.0 Other (detailed in question 86) 2.6 0 0 question 86: If you answered other above, please describe. TABLE B23 SURVEy qUESTION 86: âWHAT PERCENTAGE OF yOUR FWD PROGRAM BUDGET IS DEDICATED TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS?â âIF yOU ANSWERED OTHER ABOVE, PLEASE DESCRIBEâ Responding State Description of Other Activities California Most work is done for project-level testing. Research work involves pavement performance data collection. North Dakota FWD deflections and calculated moduli are used to help determine when to remove spring load restrictions. question 87: Approximately what lane-distance does your FWD program test annually? FiguRe B73 survey response to Question 87: âapproximately what lane-distance does your FWD program test annually?â
121 question 88: Please provide any additional comments on the advantages of FWD use in your agency. TABLE B24 SURVEy qUESTION 88: âPLEASE PROVIDE ANy ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON THE ADVANTAGES OF FWD USE IN yOUR AGENCyâ Responding State FWD Program Comments California Versatility in the testing, both loading and in sensor configuration, has been the biggest advantage of the FWD. Additional FWD features have also been added for future data analysis. Connecticut We have not yet implemented an FWD program. Florida FWD complements our other nondestructive equipment (e.g., GPR, ADCP, Plate Bearing). Illinois Used primarily for structural monitoring of in-service pavements and research test sites. Not regularly used as a design tool. Indiana A decision-making tool that can save a lot of money. Iowa We are actually just getting into a network-level testing process. We are awaiting the arrival of a second testing unit to start this process. Currently, we are only doing FWD testing by request and for research purposes. We are also participants in the ongoing federal calibration protocol/calibration center pooled-fund study. Our in-house analysis is primarily a cooperative effort with Iowa State University and the algorithms are developed in a research effort. Louisiana It is a valuable tool for pavement assessment and we rely on it and the Dynaflect to make decisions about pave- ment performance. Missouri Network- and new project-level questions were not answered here since we routinely test neither with the FWD. Our FWD usage is sporadic; it is almost entirely reactive to district requests for existing pavement evaluations and early pavement failures. Montana We believe that this equipment is a tool that aids us in the design of our rehabilitation strategies, which in turn saves tax payer money. Nevada The FWD takes the guesswork out of the âhow thick of an overlay is warrantedâ question. It shows us the benefit of the before-and-after repair strategy. New york FWD is essential equipment in determining subbase, subgrade moduli, and PCC load transfer efficiencies. Ohio FWD is currently used to test research sections. We plan to use the FWD to provide data for overlay design on four-lane and Interstate pavements in the near future. Oregon Used to establish equipment pattern for rubblization during construction by taking deflections after various energy adjustments to rubblization device. Rhode Island Our FWD is used almost exclusively for an ongoing research project. We have not yet implemented a pavement evaluation program utilizing the FWD. South Carolina Used for the project level only. Texas We have the same manufacturer for all of the FWDs, so we donât need to maintain parts for different manufactur- ers. Also, repairing them is the same. Utah Network-level testing program currently under review for usefulness of data. Wisconsin FWD usage is limited in our state. With mechanistic-empirical design, may see increased usage.
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications: AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACIâNA Airports Council InternationalâNorth America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA Air Transport Association ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation
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