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nchrp coMMiTTee For proJecT 20-5 chair GARY D. TAYLOR, CTE Engineers MeMBers THOMAS R. BOHUSLAV, Texas DOT DWIGHT HORNE, Federal Highway Administration YSELA LLORT, Florida DOT WESLEY S.C. LUM, California DOT JAMES W. MARCH, Federal Highway Administration JOHN M. MASON, JR., Pennsylvania State University CATHERINE NELSON, Oregon DOT LARRY VELASQUEZ, New Mexico DOT PAUL T. WELLS, New York State DOT FhWa Liaison WILLIAM ZACCAGNINO TrB Liaison STEPHEN F. MAHER cooperaTiVe research proGraMs sTaFF CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs EILEEN DELANEY, Director of Publications nchrp sYnThesis sTaFF STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Special Pro- grams JON M. WILLIAMS, Associate Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies GAIL STABA, Senior Program Officer DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer DON TIPPMAN, Editor CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant Topic paneL DAVID BULLOCK, Minnesota Department of Transportation STEVE COLSON, Maine Department of Transportation CHARLES S. HOLZSCHUHER, III, Florida Department of Transportation ROGER M. LARSON, Applied Pavement Technology, Inc. STEPHEN F. MAHER, Transportation Research Board CHARLES SCHWARTZ, University of Maryland ALBERT VASQUEZ, California Department of Transportation LESLIE ANN McCARTHY, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison) ERIC WEAVER, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison)