Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports (2011)

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Airports are actively considering approaches to reduce airport-related greenhouse gas emissions. To assist airports with evaluating various strategies, this project analyzed various greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies and compiled a list of 125 practices for use in the airport setting. Technical information is presented for each strategy to assist airport oper- ators with selection and implementation of the strategies that are most appropriate for a spe- cific airport. The strategies can be used for airport-wide greenhouse gas emission reduction initiatives (e.g., minimizing the use of auxiliary power units) as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with a specific project (e.g., installing energy efficient equipment as part of a building renovation). The research results can be used by airport employees in all de- partments, whether they are in the initial stages of learning about greenhouse gas mitigation or already have greenhouse gas emission reduction activities underway. The research results include (1) this Handbook and (2) its accompanying decision-support tool, called AirportGEAR (Airport Greenhouse Gas Emission Assessment and Reduction). The information for 125 greenhouse gas reduction strategies is presented in Fact Sheets (one for each strategy) as Appendix A on the attached CD-ROM. This Handbook includes background information, descriptions of how the Fact Sheets were developed, and examples of how the Fact Sheets can be used to evaluate and select reduction strategies. The information in the Fact Sheets and AirportGEAR can be used to serve many purposes, most of which fall into one of the following three categories: • To gain familiarity with the types of strategies that are available • To identify issues associated with a specific strategy • To identify and select strategies that have the greatest ability to achieve a desired objective. This research material includes strategies that may be within the authority of an individ- ual user to control as well as those that users may only influence or for which users have no implementation control. Therefore, as users consider emission reduction strategies, they will need to understand issues of ownership and control of emission sources, emissions inven- tory boundaries, and other inventory accounting principles, which are reviewed in Section IV of this Handbook. ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emis- sions Inventories identifies the basic range of sources of greenhouse gas emissions at airports and approaches to preparing inventories. Most important in greenhouse gas inventories is the recognition of ownership of and control over the source in the inventory presentation. Therefore, emissions are characterized as Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emis- sions), and Scope 3 (other emissions). Users of the Handbook and AirportGEAR should have a familiarity with how sources would be represented in an inventory, as discussed in Sec- tion IV of the Handbook. Depending on the scope of the emissions and the type of strat- egy, emission reduction strategies can be represented as a mitigation or an offset of GHG 1 S U M M A R Y Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports

emissions, which can affect the presentation of emissions in the inventory. As background, Section IV of the Handbook discusses the inventory process, mitigation versus offsetting, how emission reduction planning relates to other airport activities, and a summary of the current state of emissions regulation. The Fact Sheets A comprehensive literature review and interviews were conducted to identify 125 practi- cal greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies and to compile technical information for each strategy that will assist airport operators in selecting and implementing the strategies. These strategies were systematically organized according to 12 categories, which effectively became a way of identifying the type of emission reduction strategies: • Airfield Design and Operations (AF) • Business Planning (BP) • Construction (CN) • Carbon Sequestration (CS) • Energy Management (EM) • Ground Service Equipment (GS) • Ground Transportation (GT) • Materials and Embedded Energy (ME) • Operations and Maintenance (OM) • Performance Measurement (PM) • Renewable Energy (on-site) (RE) • Refrigerants (RF) Each reduction strategy was analyzed according to 11 evaluation criteria in order to con- sistently provide the user with important information about each strategy. The evaluation criteria are organized into three categories: • Financial Considerations – Estimated capital costs – Estimated operation and maintenance costs – Estimated payback period • Implementation Considerations – Implementation timeframe – Maturity of the reduction strategy – Airport control • Potential Impacts – Greenhouse gas reduction potential (Scopes 1 and 2) – Greenhouse gas reduction potential (Scope 3) – Impacts to natural resources – Impacts to the built environment – Impacts to regulatory compliance For each of the evaluation criteria, a visual icon, or rating value, is used to indicate the results of the analysis. For example, the strategies with the least expensive capital costs have a rating icon of one dollar sign ($) while those with the most expensive capital costs receive a rating icon of four dollar signs ($$$$). In addition, a narrative is provided that describes how the ratings were determined. For all evaluation criteria, the result of the analysis is based on published 2 Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports

information, airport interviews, vendor information, and/or institutional knowledge and pro- fessional judgment of the research team. The visual icons are presented in both the Fact Sheets and in AirportGEAR. The narratives are presented in the Fact Sheets, which are ac- cessible on the attached CD-ROM in a PDF file as Appendix A and in AirportGEAR. The format and technical information included in the Fact Sheets is described in more detail in Section II. AirportGEAR AirportGEAR is an interactive electronic tool designed to assist airport operators in learning about and prioritizing and selecting the greenhouse gas emission reduction strate- gies that are most appropriate for a specific airport based on local information. Airport- GEAR can be used by airport employees in all departments, whether they are in the initial stages of learning about greenhouse gas mitigation or already have greenhouse gas emis- sion reduction activities under way. While the tool is based on the same technical informa- tion included in the Fact Sheets, AirportGEAR enables more active functions to analyze the information so that users can review, prioritize, and select strategies and create plans that meet their specific requirements and preferences for implementation. AirportGEAR is a self-contained application. AirportGEAR includes six features to assist airport operators in evaluating, prioritizing, selecting, and planning for implementation of greenhouse gas emissions reduction strate- gies for facilities or projects. The ultimate product of using AirportGEAR is a written report, or series of reports, that includes the following: • A list of the greenhouse gas reduction strategies selected by the user for a facility or project after evaluation and prioritization • Key information about each of the selected strategies, such as greenhouse gas reduction potential, a numerical score calculated by AirportGEAR based on the rating values for the evaluation criteria, unit cost of carbon in dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide equiv- alent reduced, and applicability to Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect), and Scope 3 (other) emissions • A comparison of the potential greenhouse gas emission reductions resulting from imple- mentation of the strategies to an airport’s baseline greenhouse gas inventory The report(s) are intended to facilitate discussions about greenhouse gas mitigation and to assist in decision-making activities related to greenhouse gas reduction at specific facili- ties or for specific projects. The features of AirportGEAR are designed to assist airport operators in reducing green- house gas emissions whether they are in the initial stages of learning about greenhouse gas mitigation or have a mature emission reduction program. Airport operators at different lev- els of progress in their greenhouse gas reduction activities will find different AirportGEAR features more useful to them depending on their current and planned activities. Guidance on using AirportGEAR based on different types of users is discussed in Section III.3 and in the AirportGEAR User’s Manual, which is included as Appendix B of this Handbook. The six major AirportGEAR features and their purposes are presented in Figure ES-1. In addition, the AirportGEAR features and their interactions with one another are presented in Figure ES-2. Summary 3

4 Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports Figure ES-1. AirportGEAR features and their purpose. Figure ES-2. AirportGEAR features and their interactions with one another. The following list describes the activities that are possible in the six major AirportGEAR features: 1. GETTING STARTED: Users can read through background information about the reduc- tion strategies and how to use AirportGEAR to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 2. EXPLORE: Users can browse, sort, filter, and search the 125 reduction strategies or ac- cess the LIBRARY of documents that contain background information. From EXPLORE, users can also select strategies for a facility or project and add them to a plan in the PLAN feature. 3. PRIORITIZE: Users can rank the evaluation criteria (e.g., cost) to prioritize the reduction strategies according to their needs and preferences. The custom prioritization of the eval- uation criteria changes the numerical score calculated by AirportGEAR for each strategy, thus allowing users to see which strategies are most applicable to their facility or project (i.e., the strategies with the highest numerical scores are the most desirable). The numer- ical scores are presented in the LIST tab in EXPLORE. 4. AIRPORT INFO: Users can enter airport-specific information to determine which strate- gies are most applicable to their facility or project. The custom information entered by

users is used to eliminate strategies that are not applicable to their airport. The strategies are eliminated from view in EXPLORE. 5. PLAN: Users can group strategies for a specific facility or project and store their choices in written reports. 6. INVENTORY & REDUCTIONS: Users can estimate potential emission reductions for each of the selected strategies and see how those reductions impact their greenhouse gas inventory. The comparison of their greenhouse gas inventory before and after implemen- tation of the selected strategies is presented in the written reports that are organized in PLAN. Key Messages Upon completion of the research, several themes or key messages emerged that the re- search team felt were important to highlight to users of the results: • Varied Opportunities: Various opportunities exist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions regardless of airport size, location, operating environment or resources. Strategies are available for all airports, whether they are in the initial stages of learning about greenhouse gas mitigation or already have greenhouse gas emission reduction activities under way. Greenhouse gas strategies can also be implemented by airport employees in all depart- ments. This Handbook and AirportGEAR will assist an airport operator in selecting greenhouse gas reduction actions. • Greenhouse Gas Accounting Principles Are Critical: Understanding greenhouse gas ac- counting principles and an airport’s greenhouse gas inventory is imperative to selecting appropriate greenhouse gas reduction strategies. One size does not fit all. • Integrated Solutions: Successful implementation of a greenhouse gas reduction program includes integration of reduction concepts into all departments and business processes in addition to discrete application of technological solutions in projects and stand-alone programs. • Life Cycle Emissions Are Important: The results presented in this research do not reflect life cycle emissions associated with producing materials. Airports should be cognizant of life cycle emissions when looking at emission reduction strategies. High-Priority Strategies The research team and ACRP Project 02-10 panel recognized that high-priority strategies are those that give the “best bang for the buck.” Tables ES-1 and ES-2 present the greenhouse gas reduction strategies that have relatively low estimated capital cost and relatively high greenhouse gas reduction potential; Tables ES-3 and ES-4 present those that have relatively fast payback periods and relatively high greenhouse gas reduction potential. In addition, AirportGEAR calculates a numerical score for each greenhouse gas reduc- tion strategy that is based on the results of the evaluation criteria (e.g., financial consid- erations, implementation considerations, and potential impacts). Table ES-5 presents the strategies in order of descending numerical scores in AirportGEAR. This list of strategies assumes that all evaluation criteria are weighted equally. To customize the list of priori- tized strategies according to airport-specific information and preferences, weights can be added to the evaluation criteria in AirportGEAR, which would change the numerical scores. Summary 5

6 Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports High: Reduction of Scope 3 emissions is always relatively high. None Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scopes 1 Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. CS-04: Invest in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks EM-02: Specify Energy Efficient Requirements for Equipment in Contract Agreements EM-03: Develop Energy Performance Contracting Partnerships EM-09: Improve Insulation of Building Envelope EM-10: Change Set Points or Exclude Selected Zones from Heating and Cooling EM-18: Implement a Lighting System Energy Conservation Program EM-25: Install Evaporative Cooling Systems EM-29: Design for Larger Diameter Piping High: Reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions is always relatively high. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scope 3 Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scope 3 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. AF-09: Implement Emission-Based Incentives and Landing Fees AF-12: Support Modernization of Air Traffic Management (ATM) AF-13: Support the Development of Alternative Fuels for Aircraft AF-14: Support Single/Reduced Engine Taxiing AF-16: Support Push Back Tugs to Transport Planes to Taxiways, Runway Ends and/or Take-off Areas CS-04: Invest in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks EM-02: Specify Energy Efficient Requirements for Equipment in Contract Agreements EM-03: Develop Energy Performance Contracting Partnerships EM-09: Improve Insulation of Building Envelope EM-10: Change Set Points or Exclude Selected Zones from Heating and Cooling EM-25: Install Evaporative Cooling Systems EM-29: Design for Larger Diameter Piping GS-01: Support Alternatively Fueled Ground Service Equipment (GSE) GT-02: Provide Preferential Car/Vanpool Parking for Employees GT-03: Promote Public Transit to the Airport GT-06: Alter Parking Pricing Structures for Employees and Passengers GT-15: Support Conversion of Tenant Fleet Vehicles to Alternatively Fueled Vehicles GT-16: Support Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars and Commercial Vehicles RF-02: Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems RF-02: Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems Estimated Capital Cost < $10,000 & 2 Table ES-1. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies with the lowest estimated capital cost and high emission reduction potential.

EM-14: Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction EM-15: Apply Solar Reflective Paint EM-20: Periodically Recommission HVAC Systems and Control Systems EM-21: Install High-Efficiency Equipment and Controls EM-26: Install Energy Efficient Chillers EM-30: Reduce Transmission Losses in Electrical Wires EM-37: Incorporate Use of Natural Ventilation and Economizer Control EM-38: Install Window Awnings or Sunshades EM-39: Utilize Sophisticated Energy Models for Building Design GT-04: Provide Transit Fare Discounts and/or Alternative Mode Subsidies GT-16: Support Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars and Commerccial Vehicles PM-01: Conduct Regular Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Inventories RF-01: Replace Refrigerants with Natural or Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Gases RF-02: Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems RE-03: Install Solar Thermal Systems for Hot Water Production RF-04: Install Microchannel Components and Heat Exchangers High: Reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions is always relatively high. BP-05: Create a Carbon Offset Purchasing Strategy RF-01: Replace Refrigerants with Natural or Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Gases RF-04: Install Microchannel Components and Heat Exchangers Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scope 3 Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scope 3 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. BP-01: Use Greenhouse Gas Impact Evaluations as Decision-Making Criteria BP-02: Develop an Airport Expansion and Development Greenhouse Gas Emission Policy BP-03: Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) BP-08: Use Airport-Specific Sustainable Planning, Design and Construction Guidelines BP-09: Participate in a Greenhouse Gas Registry and/or Accreditation Program BP-10: Set a Policy for Green Building Certification for Buildings AF-02: Minimize the Use of Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) CN-02: Recycle and Reuse Construction and Demolition Materials EM-08: Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses EM-11: Restrict Heating and Cooling to Lowest 10 ft. of Indoor Space Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. BP-01: Use Greenhouse Gas Impact Evaluations as Decision-Making Criteria BP-02: Develop an Airport Expansion and Development Greenhouse Gas Emission Policy BP-03: Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) BP-08: Use Airport-Specific Sustainable Planning, Design and Construction Guidelines BP-09: Participate in a Greenhouse Gas Registry and/or Accreditation Program BP-10: Set a Policy for Green Building Certification for Buildings EM-08: Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses EM-11: Restrict Heating and Cooling to Lowest 10 ft. of Indoor Space EM-14: Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction EM-15: Apply Solar Reflective Paint EM-20: Periodically Recommission HVAC Systems and Control Systems EM-21: Install High-Efficiency Equipment and Controls EM-26: Install Energy Efficient Chillers EM-30: Reduce Transmission Losses in Electrical Wires EM-31: Purchase ENERGY STAR Equipment EM-32: Enhance Piping Insulation EM-37: Incorporate Use of Natural Ventilation and Economizer Control EM-38: Install Window Awnings or Sunshades EM-39: Utilize Sophisticated Energy Models for Building Design OM-01: Create a Detailed Operations and Maintenance Manual PM-01: Conduct Regular Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Inventories RE-03: Install Solar Thermal Systems for Hot Water Production Estimated Capital Cost $10,000 - $100,000 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scopes 1 & 2 High: Reduction of Scope 3 emissions is always relatively high AF-11: Support Optimized Departure Management on Existing Runways BP-05: Create a Carbon Offset Purchasing Strategy Table ES-2. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies with low estimated capital cost and high emission reduction potential.

8 Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. BP-03: Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) EM-18: Implement a Lighting System Energy Conservation Program EM-31: Purchase ENERGY STAR Equipment High: Reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions is always relatively high. RF-02: Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems Estimated Payback Period < 2 years Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scopes 1 & 2 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scope 3 Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scope 3 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details BP-03: Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) RF-02: Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems High: Reduction of Scope 3 emissions is always relatively high None Table ES-3. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies with the quickest payback period and high emission reduction potential.

Summary 9 Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. EM-08: Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses EM-09: Improve Insulation of Building Envelope EM-10: Change Set Points or Exclude Selected Zones from Heating and Cooling EM-14: Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction EM-17: Install LED Runway and Taxiway Lighting EM-25: Install Evaporative Cooling Systems EM-30: Reduce Transmission Losses in Electrical Wires EM-37: Incorporate Use of Natural Ventilation and Economizer Control EM-38: Install Window Awnings or Sunshades EM-39: Utilize Sophisticated Energy Models for Building Design OM-01: Create a Detailed Operations and Maintenance Manual RE-06: Install Ground-Source or Geothermal Heating and Cooling System RE-08: Use Seawater and Natural Water Bodies for Cooling RE-12: Install Sewer Heat Recovery Systems RE-14: Utilize Local Landfill Gas Estimated Payback Period 2–5 years High: Reduction of Scopes 1 & 2 emissions is always relatively high. EM-07: Evaluate Fuel Mix RF-01: Replace Refrigerants with Natural or Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Gases RF-04: Install Microchannel Components and Heat Exchangers Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scope 3 Medium: There is potential for the reduction of Scope 3 emissions to range from low to high depending on implementation details. AF-07: Provide Fixed Gate Infrastructure for Aircraft Underground Supply and Evacuation Systems CN-02: Recycle and Reuse Construction and Demolition Materials EM-07: Evaluate Fuel Mix EM-08: Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses EM-09: Improve Insulation of Building Envelope EM-10: Change Set Points or Exclude Selected Zones from Heating and Cooling EM-14: Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction EM-25: Install Evaporative Cooling Systems EM-30: Reduce Transmission Losses in Electrical Wires EM-37: Incorporate Use of Natural Ventilation and Economizer Control EM-38: Install Window Awnings or Sunshades EM-39: Utilize Sophisticated Energy Models for Building Design RF-01: Replace Refrigerants with Natural or Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Gases RF-04: Install Microchannel Components and Heat Exchangers High: Reduction of Scope 3 emissions is always relatively high. None Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential: Scopes 1 & 2 Table ES-4. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies with a quick payback period and high emission reduction potential.

36 69 BP-05 Create a Carbon Offset Purchasing Strategy 37 69 RF-03 Use Hydronically Coupled Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps 38 69 EM-28 Install a Heat Recovery System 39 69 RE-13 Construct a Hydrogen Fueling and Generation Station 40 69 RE-02 Install Building-Mounted or Ground-Mounted Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panels 41 69 CN-05 Specify Energy Efficient Temporary Lighting During Construction 42 69 CN-02 Recycle and Reuse Construction and Demolition Materials 43 69 OM-01 Create a Detailed Operations and Maintenance Manual 44 69 EM-09 Improve Insulation of Building Envelope 45 69 EM-02 Specify Energy Efficiency Requirements for Equipment in Contract Agreements 46 69 GT-15 Support Conversion of Tenant Fleet Vehicles to Alternatively Fueled Vehicles 47 67 GT-02 Provide Preferential Car/Vanpool Parking for Employees 48 67 AF-14 Support Single/Reduced Engine Taxiing 49 67 GT-17 Support Alternatively Fueled Taxis 50 67 GT-03 Promote Public Transit to the Airport 51 67 EM-11 Restrict Heating and Cooling to Lowest 10 ft of Indoor Space 52 67 EM-32 Enhance Piping Insulation Priority Numerical Score* Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy Name and Number 1 81 RE-03 Install Solar Thermal Systems for Hot Water Production 2 81 EM-08 Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses 3 81 EM-06 Develop and Market an Energy Conservation Program for Building Users 4 81 BP-03 Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) 5 81 RF-01 Replace Refrigerants with Natural or Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Gases 6 78 CS-04 Invest in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks 7 78 CN-03 Implement a Construction Vehicle Idling Plan 8 78 BP-08 Use Airport-Specific Sustainable Planning, Design, and Construction Guidelines 9 78 EM-18 Implement a Lighting System Energy Conservation Program 10 78 BP-10 Set a Policy for Green Building Certification for Buildings 11 78 EM-31 Purchase ENERGY STAR Equipment 12 78 EM-38 Install Window Awnings or Sunshades 13 78 EM-39 Utilize Sophisticated Energy Models for Building Design 14 75 EM-37 Incorporate Use of Natural Ventilation and Economizer Control 15 75 EM-10 Change Set Points or Exclude Selected Zones from Heating and Cooling 16 75 RF-02 Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems 17 75 RF-04 Install Microchannel Components and Heat Exchangers 18 72 GS-01 Support Alternatively Fueled Ground Service Equipment (GSE) 19 72 EM-01 Develop a Strategic Energy Management Plan 20 72 EM-07 Evaluate Fuel Mix 21 72 RE-01 Install Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Panels 22 72 EM-24 Install Variable Speed Drives (VSD) and Optimize Controls of Pumps for Air Handling Units 23 72 EM-30 Reduce Transmission Losses in Electrical Wires 24 72 EM-03 Develop Energy Performance Contracting Partnerships 25 72 EM-25 Install Evaporative Cooling Systems 26 72 RE-14 Utilize Local Landfill Gas 27 72 EM-13 Install a Cool Roof 28 72 EM-14 Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction 29 72 AF-12 Support Modernization of Air Traffic Management (ATM) 30 72 RE-12 Install Sewer Heat Recovery Systems 31 72 AF-17 Support Fuel Efficiency Targets for Aircraft 32 69 EM-21 Install High-Efficiency Equipment and Controls 33 69 EM-29 Design for Larger Diameter Piping 34 69 EM-17 Install LED Runway and Taxiway Lighting 35 69 EM-22 Integrate Thermal Storage into Heating and Cooling Systems Table ES-5. Greenhouse gas reduction strategies prioritized according to the numerical scores* calculated by AirportGEAR based on the evaluation criteria results. (continued)

Summary 11 Priority Numerical Score* Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy Name and Number 53 67 AF-04 Design Runways, Taxiways, Ramps & Terminals to Reduce Aircraft Taxiing Distances 54 67 GT-16 Support Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars and Commercial Vehicles 55 67 GT-13 Promote Bicycle Use by Employees 56 67 GT-14 Convert Airport Fleet Vehicles to Alternatively Fueled Vehicles 57 67 EM-35 Install Energy Efficient Elevators, Escalators and Autowalks 58 67 BP-01 Use Greenhouse Gas Impact Evaluations as Decision-Making Criteria 59 67 EM-23 Evaluate and Upgrade the Central Plant and Distribution System Equipment 60 67 AF-18 Support the Use of Paperless Ticket Technology 61 67 BP-06 Develop and Apply or Sell Carbon Offsets 62 67 RE-09 Install Building-Mounted Wind Turbines 63 67 CN-01 Use Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) in Place of Hot Mix Asphalt 64 67 EM-16 Apply Thermochromic Coatings on Buildings 65 67 EM-19 Install a Building Automation System (BAS) 66 67 EM-15 Apply Solar Reflective Paint 67 67 AF-09 Implement Emission-Based Incentives and Landing Fees 68 67 AF-11 Support Optimized Departure Management on Existing Runways 69 64 GT-10 Allow Flexible Work Schedules for Employees 70 64 PM-01 Conduct Regular Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Inventories 71 64 ME-01 Develop an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan 72 64 GT-01 Provide Priority Vehicle Parking for Emissions Friendly Vehicles 73 64 ME-04 Separate and Compost Food Waste 74 64 ME-02 Start or Enhance a Waste Reduction or Recycling Program 75 64 AF-02 Minimize the Use of Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) 76 64 BP-02 Develop an Airport Expansion and Development Greenhouse Gas Emission Policy 77 64 EM-12 Install Green Vegetated Roofs for Greater Building Insulation 78 64 CN-04 Specify Low-Emission Construction Vehicles and Equipment 79 64 AF-03 Design Airside Layout to Reduce Aircraft Delay and Surface Vehicle Congestion 80 64 EM-27 Install Ultraviolet-C (UVC) Lights in Air Handling Units (AHUs) for Continuous Coil Cleaning 81 64 CS-01 Install Sustainable, Long-Term Vegetation 82 64 GT-06 Alter Parking Pricing Structures for Employees and Passengers 83 61 AF-08 Create Partnerships with Intercity Rail Services to Optimize Passenger and Cargo Movement 84 61 BP-11 Support the Use of Customer Self-Service Equipment in Terminal Design 85 61 EM-20 Periodically Recommission HVAC Systems and Control Systems 86 61 OM-03 Use a Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) 87 61 RE-07 Install a Geothermal Snow and Ice Melting System 88 61 EM-36 Optimize Passenger and Baggage Handling System 89 61 GT-07 Implement “On-foot” Payment for Parking 90 61 GT-08 Implement a Traffic Management System 91 58 RE-08 Use Seawater and Natural Water Bodies for Cooling 92 58 PM-02 Perform Energy Audits 93 58 GT-04 Provide Transit Fare Discounts and/or Alternative Mode Subsidies 94 58 GT-09 Allow Telecommuting for Employees 95 58 RE-04 Use Solar Desiccant Air Conditioning Systems 96 58 EM-26 Install Energy Efficient Chillers 97 58 OM-02 Develop a Measurement and Verification Plan 98 58 AF-16 Support Push Back Tugs to Transport Planes to Taxiways, Runway Ends and/or Take-off Areas (continued on next page) Table ES-5. (Continued).

12 Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports Priority Numerical Score* Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy Name and Number 99 58 AF-07 Provide Fixed Gate Infrastructure for Aircraft Underground Supply and Evacuation Systems 100 53 AF-15 Support Alternative Passenger Boarding Procedures 101 53 BP-04 Develop Climate Change and Energy Communication Materials and/or Information Center 102 53 BP-09 Participate in a Greenhouse Gas Registry and/or Accreditation Program 103 53 AF-05 Consider Longer Runways to Reduce the Use of Reverse Thrust 104 53 AF-01 Provide Infrastructure for Pre-Conditioned Air (PCA) and Ground Power 105 53 PM-05 Work with Airport Industry to Develop Benchmarking Databases 106 53 ME-03 Start or Enhance a Green Procurement Program (GPP) 107 53 GT-12 Construct a Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) System 108 53 RE-06 Install Ground-Source or Geothermal Heating and Cooling System 109 50 PM-04 Track Energy Use 110 50 EM-04 Enter into a Green Power Purchasing Agreement 111 47 AF-13 Support the Development of Alternative Fuels for Aircraft 112 47 GT-05 Increase Mass Transit Access to the Airport 113 47 EM-05 Evaluate "Take or Pay" Contract Provisions 114 47 GT-11 Build a Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (ConRAC) 115 47 AF-06 Install or Expand Hydrant Fueling System 116 47 AF-10 Install a Jet Fuel Pipeline 117 47 RE-10 Install a Waste-to-Energy System 118 44 BP-07 Offer Voluntary Carbon Offsets for Passengers 119 44 PM-03 Install Tenant Energy Sub-Metering Systems 120 44 EM-34 Use Methane from Anaerobic Bioreactor Treatment Systems for Deicing Fluids 121 42 CS-02 Add Mineral Carbonation Systems to Exhaust Streams 122 42 RE-11 Install a Tidal Energy System 123 31 EM-33 Construct a Cogeneration or Trigeneration Energy System 124 28 CS-03 Implement or Support Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Processes 125 28 RE-05 Use On-site Biomass Energy Systems * Numerical scores are normalized to be within 0 and 100 and consider all evaluation criteria to be weighted equally. Higher scores indicate more desirable strategies. Table ES-5. (Continued).