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In embarking on this research, the oversight panel established the following purpose: Document the wide range of strategies available to airport operators to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases associated with typical airport activity. The cornerstone of this project was the evaluation of various strategies for greenhouse gas emission reduction, presenting information in a manner that will assist users with under- standing the effects of these strategies and in deciding which strategies are most appropriate for a specific airport. Two key work products were produced: (1) this Handbook and (2) its accompanying decision-support tool, called AirportGEAR (Airport Greenhouse Gas Emission Assessment and Reduction). The information for the 125 greenhouse gas reduction strategies are presented in Fact Sheets (one for each strategy) as Appendix A on the attached CD-ROM. The Handbook includes background information useful in selecting greenhouse gas reduction strategies as well as information regarding how the Fact Sheets were developed and can be used to select reduction strategies. For AirportGEAR, the information from the Fact Sheets is pre- sented in an electronic format that can be sorted and organized using an airport operatorâs local information and specific needs. The Handbook and AirportGEAR each can be used as stand-alone products or they can be used together to enhance the usability of each product. While complex evaluations can be performed manually using information in the Fact Sheets and Handbook, AirportGEAR was designed to streamline review of the greenhouse gas reduction strategies and to assist airport operators in developing customized plans for reducing greenhouse emissions for a facility or a project. The Handbook also describes how AirportGEAR can be used to complement the material in this Handbook. Airports across the country have varying levels of experience with many of the emission reduc- tion strategies identified in this research, most of which are based on practical application. There- fore, both the Handbook and AirportGEAR were structured to provide as much meaningful information as possible to facilitate evaluation of the strategies, recognizing that every airport is different and has varying needs. The purpose of this Handbook and the AirportGEAR tool is to provide information about a wide range of emission reduction strategies so that airport opera- tors and other parties can consider the benefits, costs, and other factors for implementing the strategies at any given location. The list of the 125 greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies resulting from this research is presented in Table I-1. 13 S E C T I O N I Introduction and Purpose of the Research
Construction CN-01 Use Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) in place of Hot Mix Asphalt CN-02 Recycle and Reuse Construction and Demolition Materials CN-03 Implement a Construction Vehicle Idling Plan CN-04 Specify Low-emission Construction Vehicles and Equipment CN-05 Specify Energy Efficient Temporary Lighting During Construction Carbon Sequestration CS-01 Install Sustainable, Long-term Vegetation CS-02 Add Mineral Carbonation Systems to Exhaust Streams CS-03 Implement or Support Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Processes CS-04 Invest in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks Energy Management EM-01 Develop a Strategic Energy Management Plan EM-02 Specify Energy Efficiency Requirements for Equipment in Contract Agreements EM-03 Develop Energy Performance Contracting Partnerships Airfield Design and Operations AF-01 Provide Infrastructure for Pre-Conditioned Air (PCA) and Ground Power AF-02 Minimize the Use of Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) AF-03 Design Airside Layout to Reduce Aircraft Delay and Surface Vehicle Congestion AF-04 Design Runways, Taxiways, Ramps & Terminals to Reduce Aircraft Taxiing Distances AF-05 Consider Longer Runways to Reduce the Use of Reverse Thrust AF-06 Install or Expand Hydrant Fueling System AF-07 Provide Fixed Gate Infrastructure for Aircraft Underground Supply and Evacuation Systems AF-08 Create Partnerships with Intercity Rail Services to Optimize Passenger and Cargo Movement AF-09 Implement Emission-based Incentives and Landing Fees AF-10 Install a Jet Fuel Pipeline AF-11 Support Optimized Departure Management on Existing Runways AF-12 Support Modernization of Air Traffic Management (ATM) AF-13 Support the Development of Alternative Fuels for Aircraft AF-14 Support Single/Reduced Engine Taxiing AF-15 Support Alternative Passenger Boarding Procedures AF-16 Support Push Back Tugs to Transport Planes to Taxiways, Runway Ends, and/or Take-off Areas AF-17 Support Fuel Efficiency Targets for Aircraft AF-18 Support the Use of Paperless Ticket Technology Business Planning BP-01 Use Greenhouse Gas Impact Evaluations as Decision-Making Criteria BP-02 Develop an Airport Expansion and Development Greenhouse Gas Emission Policy BP-03 Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) BP-04 Develop Climate Change and Energy Communication Materials and/or Information Center BP-05 Create a Carbon Offset Purchasing Strategy BP-06 Develop and Apply or Sell Carbon Offsets BP-07 Offer Voluntary Carbon Offsets for Passengers BP-08 Use Airport-Specific Sustainable Planning, Design, and Construction Guidelines BP-09 Participate in a Greenhouse Gas Registry and/or Accreditation Program BP-10 Set a Policy for Green Building Certification for Buildings BP-11 Support the Use of Customer Self-Service Equipment in Terminal Design EM-04 Enter into a Green Power Purchasing Agreement Table I-1. List of practical greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies for airports. (continued)
Table I-1. (Continued). EM-06 Develop and Market an Energy Conservation Program for Building Users EM-07 Evaluate Fuel Mix EM-08 Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses EM-09 Improve Insulation of Building Envelope EM-10 Change Set Points or Exclude Selected Zones from Heating and Cooling EM-11 Restrict Heating and Cooling to Lowest 10 ft of Indoor Space EM-12 Install Green Vegetated Roofs for Greater Building Insulation EM-13 Install a Cool Roof EM-14 Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction EM-15 Apply Solar Reflective Paint EM-16 Apply Thermochromic Coatings on Buildings EM-17 Install LED Runway and Taxiway Lighting EM-18 Implement a Lighting System Energy Conservation Program EM-19 Install a Building Automation System (BAS) EM-20 Periodically Recommission HVAC Systems and Control Systems EM-05 Evaluate âTake or Payâ Contract Provisions Energy Management (cont.) EM-21 Install High-Efficiency Equipment and Controls EM-22 Integrate Thermal Storage into Heating and Cooling Systems EM-23 Evaluate and Upgrade the Central Plant and Distribution System Equipment EM-24 Install Variable Speed Drives (VSD) and Optimize Controls of Pumps for Air Handling Units EM-25 Install Evaporative Cooling Systems EM-26 Install Energy Efficient Chillers EM-27 Install Ultraviolet-C (UVC) Lights in Air Handling Units (AHUs) for Continuous Coil Cleaning EM-28 Install a Heat Recovery System EM-29 Design for Larger Diameter Piping EM-30 Reduce Transmission Losses in Electrical Wires EM-31 Purchase ENERGY STAR Equipment EM-32 Enhance Piping Insulation EM-33 Construct a Cogeneration or Trigeneration Energy System EM-34 Use Methane from Anaerobic Bioreactor Treatment Systems for Deicing Fluids EM-35 Install Energy Efficient Elevators, Escalators, and Autowalks EM-36 Optimize Passenger and Baggage Handling System EM-37 Incorporate Use of Natural Ventilation and Economizer Control EM-38 Install Window Awnings or Sunshades EM-39 Utilize Sophisticated Energy Models for Building Design Ground Service Equipment GS-01 Support Alternatively Fueled Ground Service Equipment (GSE) Ground Transportation GT-01 Provide Priority Vehicle Parking for Emissions Friendly Vehicles GT-02 Provide Preferential Car/Vanpool Parking for Employees GT-03 Promote Public Transit to the Airport GT-04 Provide Transit Fare Discounts and/or Alternative Mode Subsidies GT-05 Increase Mass Transit Access to the Airport GT-06 Alter Parking Pricing Structures for Employees and Passengers GT-07 Implement âOn-footâ Payment for Parking GT-08 Implement a Traffic Management System GT-09 Allow Telecommuting for Employees (continued on next page)
16 Handbook for Considering Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports Table I-1. (Continued). Ground Transportation (cont.) GT-10 Allow Flexible Work Schedules for Employees GT-11 Build a Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (ConRAC) GT-12 Construct a Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) System GT-13 Promote Bicycle Use by Employees GT-14 Convert Airport Fleet Vehicles to Alternatively Fueled Vehicles GT-15 Support Conversion of Tenant Fleet Vehicles to Alternatively Fueled Vehicles GT-16 Support Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars and Commercial Vehicles GT-17 Support Alternatively Fueled Taxis Materials and Embedded Energy ME-01 Develop an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan ME-02 Start or Enhance a Waste Reduction or Recycling Program ME-03 Start or Enhance a Green Procurement Program (GPP) ME-04 Separate and Compost Food Waste Operation and Maintenance OM-01 Create a Detailed Operations and Maintenance Manual OM-02 Develop a Measurement and Verification Plan OM-03 Use a Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) Performance Measurement PM-01 Conduct Regular Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Inventories PM-02 Perform Energy Audits PM-03 Install Tenant Energy Sub-Metering Systems PM-04 Track Energy Use PM-05 Work with Airport Industry to Develop Benchmarking Databases Renewable Energy (on-site) RE-01 Install Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Panels RE-02 Install Building-mounted or Ground-mounted Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panels RE-03 Install Solar Thermal Systems for Hot Water Production RE-04 Use Solar Desiccant Air Conditioning Systems RE-05 Use On-site Biomass Energy Systems RE-06 Install Ground-Source or Geothermal Heating and Cooling System RE-07 Install a Geothermal Snow and Ice Melting System RE-08 Use Seawater and Natural Water Bodies for Cooling RE-09 Install Building-Mounted Wind Turbines RE-10 Install a Waste-to-Energy System RE-11 Install a Tidal Energy System RE-12 Install Sewer Heat Recovery Systems RE-13 Construct a Hydrogen Fueling and Generation Station RE-14 Utilize Local Landfill Gas Refrigerants RF-01 Replace Refrigerants with Natural or Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Gases RF-02 Incorporate Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVAC Refrigerant Systems RF-03 Use Hydronically Coupled Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps RF-04 Install Microchannel Components and Heat Exchangers
