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7 Antioxidants
Pages 88-107

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From page 88... ... There are many compounds having antioxidant properties, some of which are essential nutrients. As evidence became available, it was observed that effectiveness in animals or excellent antioxidant activity observed in vitro does not necessarily translate into effectiveness to prevent human diseases associated with oxidative stress. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... has been studied extensively from 1990 through 2010. Early observational studies and animal studies suggested that vitamin E's antioxidant properties would protect the body against devastating chronic diseases having oxidative stress as part of their pathobiology, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer; however, results from observational studies are mixed, and have not resulted in a clear association between intake of vitamin E and reduction of chronic disease (Hirvonen et al., 2000; Mezzetti et al., 2001; Watkins et al., 2000; Yochum et al., 2000) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... . And trials vitamin E was associated with decreased risk for ischemic stroke (pooled RR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.99, p < 0.02) Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... death) controlled trial or placebo every Vitamin E also had no effect on the (Physicians' other day for incidence of MI, stroke, or congestive Health Study mean 8 years heart failure. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... . n=39,876 In women > 65 years old, vitamin E female health professionals reduced total CVD events (RR=0.74, p=0.009) Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... . Over 5 years of vitamin use, the incidence of major adverse events (e.g., heart attacks, strokes, cancers) Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... of heart failure (RR=1.17, 95% CI: stroke, or CVD controlled trial or matching 1.03–1.32, p=0.02) , vitamin E had no death) Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... Tier 2: Observational studies None found continued Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... beginning 4 of oxidative stress to 44% of the level weeks prior to observed in sham-injured rats (p < 0.01 injury vs. injured, regular diet rats and sham rats) Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... Contrary to preliminary studies, results from clinical trials do not support a protective effect of vitamin E supplementation on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Eidelman et al., 2004; Lichtenstein, 2009; Steinberg, 2000) Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... . In a 2010 meta-analysis including nine randomized controlled trials, vitamin E supplementation was not associated with total stroke. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... , randomized, clinical controlled study showed that in patients with TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 8 or less and radiologic diagnoses of diffuse axonal injury) , in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in those receiving high doses of vitamin E (intravenous at 400 IU daily for 7 days) Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... incidence of MI, stroke, or total male physicians, mortality. aged 50 years or Vitamin C treatment did not benefit men older with previous cardiovascular diseases at 8-year follow-up baseline. Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... Ascorbic acid absorption was determined by reduction in value of oxy hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) peak. Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... . Evidence Indicating Effect on Resilience Human Studies Effects of vitamin C supplementation on risk of stroke were examined in the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study (n = 8,171, 500 mg/day for 9.4 years) Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... . In contrast, the Physicians' Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial, a 2 × 2 factorial design to test the effect of ascorbic acid (500 mg/day) Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... Although patients with severe acquired brain injury are excluded from the study, the critically ill might also experience other less severe brain injuries; hence, the results of this study will contribute to our knowledge about this potential combination of antioxidants. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The use of single antioxidant supplements to treat a variety of chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease, cancer, and ocular and skin diseases, has been disappointing. Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... 2008. Influence of early antioxidant supplements on clinical evolution and organ function in critically ill cardiac surgery, major trauma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... 2005. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer -- the Women's Health Study: A randomized controlled trial. Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... 2008. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Read the entire page →

From page 88...

... There are many compounds having antioxidant properties, some of which are essential nutrients. As evidence became available, it was observed that effectiveness in animals or excellent antioxidant activity observed in vitro does not necessarily translate into effectiveness to prevent human diseases associated with oxidative stress.

7 Antioxidants Pages 88-107

7 Antioxidants
Pages 88-107