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From page 149... ... During this time most types of nutrition interventions improved in design as they went from being marginally or questionably effective to being demonstrably beneficial in improving either the nutritional status of vulnerable groups or the food consumption of the poor. At the same time, the world hunger problem has steadily worsened, particularly in Africa, where the toll of combined deaths from starvation and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Read the entire page →
From page 150... ... Below this critical threshold it would be impossible to sustain the recent U.S. contribution to the growth of effective nutrition intervention models or the commitment of developing country leadership to the implementation and expansion of these models. Read the entire page →
From page 151... ... MACROLEVEL PRECONDITIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL NUTRITION The - hi hi And for niltri ti onn1 improvement in developing countries lie outside of the realm of nutrition per se. Nevertheless, since the future outcome of nutritional programs depends on these conditions, it is important to note them in summary form. Read the entire page →
From page 152... ... � Elimination of agricultural policies in industrialized countries that protect domestic producers by exporting below-market-price, subsidized surplus food grains and other agricultural products. o Reduction of protectionist trade barriers in industrialized countries against importing primary commodities and manufactures from developing countries. Read the entire page →
From page 153... ... To date, the United States has provided most of the funding for technical assistance to international nutrition activities, with the result that most of the state-of-the-art knowledge in international nutrition interventions is U.S. based. Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... These lobbies are committed to withholding access from developing country farmers to the technology that they need to increase their production, out of fear that increases in developing country production would compete with U.S. agricultural exports. Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... The third project supplies cornmeal under Title II to a primary health care umbrella agency for use in the promotion and sale of the subsidized and targeted corn-soy weaning food in the city's poorest maternal and child health (MCH) centers. Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... Attributions for FY 87 to FY 89 are obtained from a combination of data from Child Survival Reporting Questionnaires and from FY 89 ABS (Table IV) submissions. Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... Conference on Primary Health Care at Alma-Ata in the Soviet Union (WHO, 1978) , where sufficient food was defined as the first and most basic human need, the focus in assistance to mothers and children has shifted to child survival. Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... Short of providing major material and psychological support to families practicing benign neglect of their infants, nutritional growth monitoring probably is the most useful programmatic action that can be taken to combat this problem. Growth monitoring provides potentially ambivalent caretakers with continuing social support and makes them publicly accountable for the growth and health of their children. Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... , from using "high-tech'' models for nutrition planning to using "high-touch" skilled human applications for planning and programming. In the future, we can expect to see the following: Changing standards for assessing nutritional status in childhood, adjusting for the fact that normal breastfed infants do not grow according to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... 1 9~) and ~ -OF ~ ~ ~ ~ -''strategies tor Incorporating nutritional goals into agricultural projects and for attaching compensatory nutrition programs to agricultural assistance programs were elaborated (FAD, 1983~. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... when resources are not absolutely limiting. Local nongovernmental organizations, such as the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, may increasingly assume a management role in large-scale grass roots development initiatives in which primary health care, weaning foods, and growth monitoring models will gel into forms that are adapted to socially, culturally, politically, and geographically diverse conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... On the other hand, ' ~' ~ t nas spawned sunJecc-specific offspring in the form of weaning foods projects, growth-monitoring activities, breastfeeding promotion, and a forthcoming maternal nutrition project, which apply communications and methods of behavioral change to specific topics. More than any other type of nutrition intervention, nutrition education has become multidisciplinary and has 162 Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... Ten years ago there was a stalemate on the use of food processing technology to develop successful low-cost weaning foods (Heimendinger et al., 1981~. Over 100 such projects had been tried with very moderate success (Orr, 1977~. Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... Historically, the availability of supplementary foods for mothers and children has served as an incentive for expanding MCH services in many countries. Future trends. Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... We are experiencing an advocacy and leadership vacuum in international nutrition and can only hope that the urgency of this situation will inspire new leaders and new advocates to step forward and speak in a language that politicians and the public can understand. Professionals and academics know what is happening in developing countries, yet their voices are muffled and they lack the forms of communication that would make the rising death tolls vivid and compelling, even to ourselves. Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries. Oelgeshlager, Gunn, and Haines, Cambridge, Mass. Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... A Manual. Nutrition Programmes Service, Food Policy and Nutrition Division. Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... 1987. The Pilot Food Price Subsidy Scheme in the Philippines: Its Impact on Income, Food Consumption, and Nutritional Status. Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... 1987. The world food equation: Interrelations among development, employment, and food consumption. Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... Study V In Nutrition Intervention in Developing Countries. Read the entire page →

From page 149...

... During this time most types of nutrition interventions improved in design as they went from being marginally or questionably effective to being demonstrably beneficial in improving either the nutritional status of vulnerable groups or the food consumption of the poor. At the same time, the world hunger problem has steadily worsened, particularly in Africa, where the toll of combined deaths from starvation and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)