An Evaluation of the Role of Microbiological Criteria for Foods and Food Ingredients (1985) / Chapter Skim
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8 Current Status of Microbiological Criteria and Legislative Bases
8 Current Status of Microbiological Criteria and Legislative Bases
Pages 152-183
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From page 152... ...
Periodic revisions followed as improvements in technology for the production and transport of raw milk and for the processing, packaging, and storage of pasteurized milk products occurred. Each of the revisions was developed with the assistance of milk sanitation and regulatory agencies at the federal, state, and local levels and with other segments of the dairy industry.
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From page 153... ...
Grade A aseptically processed milk and milk products: Temperature None Bacterial limits No growth by test specified in Section 6. Antibiotics No zone equal to or greater than 16 mm with the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay method specified by NCIMS.
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From page 154... ...
INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES Joint FAD/WHO Food Standards Program Microbiological criteria for foods at the international level are applied primarily within the Joint FAD/WHO Food Standards Program as implemented by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Olson, 19781. The history of international food standards is relatively short.
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From page 155... ...
A specific recommendation for establishment of microbiological specifications for egg products was forwarded to the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. Specifications were quickly adopted; they became the first microbiological criteria for a food or food commodity group to be included in a Code of Hygienic Practice.
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From page 156... ...
These codes apply to foods in the following commodity groups: canned fruit and vegetable products, dried fruits, desiccated coconut, dehydrated fruits and vegetables including edible fungi, tree nuts, processed poultry, egg products, molluscan shellfish, low-acid and acidified low-acid canned foods, foods for infants and children, peanuts, frog legs, dried mail, natural mineral waters, and salvaging of canned foods. Microbiological criteria are included in the codes of hygienic practice for egg products, food for infants and children, dried milk, and natural mineral waters.
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From page 157... ...
Classic work on sampling plans as related to foods has been published in the commission's book, Microorganisms in Foods 2, first published in 1974 and now in revision (ICMSF, 1974, 1985; see also Chapter 61. Canadian Microbiological Standards for Foods The Canadian regulations (Pivnick, 1978)
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From page 158... ...
Whereas in the United States microbiological standards are usually established by a proposal, response, and hearing process, the Canadian law allows direct establishment of standards, with any product in violation of the standards being automatically illegal. The microbiological standards currently incorporated as regulations pursuant to the Canadian Food and Drugs Act are summarized in Appendix D
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From page 159... ...
Compliance Policy Guides containing microbiological criteria applicable to foods and feeds are listed in Table 8-2. Contaminants covered by these guides include foodborne pathogens, bacterial toxins, mycotoxins, and bacterial indicators such as aerobic plate counts (APC)
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From page 160... ...
160 Cal o I:: ._ .~= ~ E :~^ _ c: o~ ·X o c ~2 oCD =- C ~ OO Cal to _ Z ~ .~Ct C)
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From page 162... ...
162 .~ A_ o _' rat so Ct ._ Ct .
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From page 163... ...
Aerobic plate counts and coliform counts were the bases for the proposed microbiological standards, which were derived from the results of an FDA survey of all manufacturers known to be shipping these products in interstate commerce at the time of the study (FDA, 19721. After comments on the microbiological standards were received, amendments were made (FDA, 1973)
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From page 164... ...
These data have been used to develop proposed microbiological defect action levels on raw breaded shrimp (FDA, 1983a)
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From page 165... ...
The PMO is the basic standard used in the voluntary Cooperative State-PHS Program for Certification of Interstate Milk Shippers. The PMO with its Appendices is recommended by FDA for adoption by states and local regulatory agencies to encourage a greater uniformity of milk sanitation practice in the United States and to facilitate shipment and ac - tance of milk and milk products in interstate and intrastate commerce.
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From page 166... ...
The manual serves as a guide to the states in the certification of interstate shellfish shippers and is used by the FDA in evaluating state shellfish sanitation programs. Microbiological criteria are suggested for the growing waters (coliforms and fecal coliforms by MPN)
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From page 167... ...
The need for resident and continuous inspection programs in all plants as presently operated has recently been questioned. Dairy Products The dairy product program, other than the Grade A milk and milk products program, is located in the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS)
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From page 168... ...
But, whereas the dairy products program has a variety of microbiological criteria that apply to raw milk and to finished products, the USDA egg program relies on a single microbiological criterion: a negative result for Salmonella in samples tested. However, as indicated earlier in the discussion of the FDA Defect Action Level program, there are some bacterial standards based on direct microscopic count (DMC)
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From page 169... ...
Standard 30,000/g 90/g SO,000/g 100,000/g 50,000/g 200,000/g SPC Coliform DMC SPC Coliform SPC SPC SPC SPC CURRENT STATUS AND LEGISLATIVE BASES 169 TABLE 8-4 Microbial Standards for Processed Milk Products: USDA Agricultural Marketing Service Standards for Grades of Dairy Products Product Standard Reference USDA, 1982a,b USDA, 1982c USDA, 1982d USDA, 1982e Dry whey USDA, 1982f U.S. Extra 50,000/g SPC 10/g Coliform Butter and whipped butter 100/g Proteolytic USDA, 1975 20/g Yeasts and molds 10/g Coliform 10/g Enterococcia Plastic and frozen cream 30,000/ml SPC USDA, 1975 20/ml Yeasts and molds 10/ml Coliform Cottage cheese 10/g Coliform USDA, 1975 100/g Psychrotrophic 10/g Yeasts and molds Ice cream 50,000/g SPC USDA, 1975 plain 10/g Coliform flavored 20/g Coliform Sherbet 50,000/g SPC USDA, 1975 10/g Coliform Sweetened condensed milk 1,000/g SPC USDA, 1975 10/g Coliform 5/g Yeasts 5/g Molds Edible dry casein USDA, 1982g U.S.
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From page 170... ...
and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act (U.S. Congress, 1968b)
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From page 171... ...
raw red meats and their uncooked products; raw poultry and its uncooked products; cooked red meats; cooked poultry products; 5. nonmeat products used as ingredients in meat and poultry products such as spices, plant proteins, and dairy proteins; 6.
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From page 173... ...
173 Ct > °_ o o o o Z ~ 1 1 1 1 '`~ C e ,~ g g s 0,, e C ~ ;~, O ~ ~ e O ~ ~ _ 0 E ' ~ E E ' e5 E E ' C3 E 8 c ~ E E ' ~ E O .= ~r, O O ~ tr)
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From page 174... ...
The USDC-NMFS inspection program recognizes and determines conformance to microbiological standards, specifications, and guidelines where such are either mandatory through codification in the Federal Regulations or included in a purchasing specification on product destined for either domestic or international trade. Microbiological food examination is used primarily to evaluate a product's safety status as opposed to its quality factors.
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From page 175... ...
S Garrett, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1983.
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From page 176... ...
The USDC seafood inspection program also determines conformance with a limited number of corporate quality assurance or quality control microbiological standards, specifications, or guidelines. Each firm has its own set of specifications and contracts with NMFS to do the inspection and analyses.
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From page 177... ...
Of these, about 35 contain microbiological criteria, most of which apply to finished foods. Microbiological criteria used for monitoring foods for the military as described in military and federal specifications were listed by Powers (19761.
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From page 178... ...
Some material has been added on standards for ultrapasteurized and aseptically processed milk and milk products. Testing for antibiotic residuals in milk and milk products using a Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay method has also been approved.
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From page 179... ...
The agencies have a broad interface with small operators involved in food processing or preparation of often very sensitive foods as well as with some aspects of food service. The local agency may monitor the safety and quality of locally produced and/or consumed food products, principally delicatessen and other specialty food-processing operations and food service establishments.
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From page 180... ...
The use of microbiological criteria by food processors varies greatly. Sophisticated companies establish microbiological specifications over a wide variety of critical raw materials and in many cases not only monitor incoming raw materials, but also inspect the facilities in which these products are produced.
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From page 181... ...
Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1980 Frozen fish sticks, frozen fish cakes, and frozen crab cakes; Recommended micro biological quality standards.
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From page 182... ...
D., Jr. 1982 Quality inspection activities of the National Marine Fisheries Service.
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From page 183... ...
58.2553. 1982c United States standards for instant nonfat dry milk.
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