Not Eating Enough Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations (1995) / Chapter Skim
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8 An Overview of Dietary Intakes During Military Exercises
8 An Overview of Dietary Intakes During Military Exercises
Pages 121-150
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From page 121... ...
National Academy Press 8 Overview of Dietary Intakes During Military Exercises Carol ~ Baker-Fuico ' INTRODUCTION Nutrition influences how well a soldier can train and fight. An optimal diet may be helpful in delaying fatigue, improving perfonnarlce during training or combat, alla avoiding injuries, while certain nutrient deficiencies can seriously impair performance.
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From page 122... ...
In studies when most food intake was obtained from military dining facilities or when hot meals were served in the field, the dietary intake data were usually collected by visual estimation. For this method, the test subject presented his or her tray to a data collector before sitting down to eat.
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These reports did not include foods consumed outside of the dining facility, nor did they present mean total dietary intakes. The daily means reported were totals of the mean breakfasts, mean lunches, and mean dinners of whichever study participants ate those meals.
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Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Mass., unpublished data. compared to a mean energy intake of 2,667 kcal for men aged 19 to 34 years in the 1985 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey-Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (NFCS-CSFII)
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From page 125... ...
Energy requirements during field exercises are probably as high as during the academy or school situations, yet much lower energy intakes were found (see Table 8-4~. For most of these studies, the high end of the MRDA energy allowance range was used ~ i e., 3,600 kcal)
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From page 126... ...
Although no ration group in the 1985 Hawaii study ofthe Combat Field Feeding System-Force Development Test and Experimentation (CFFSFDTE) lost greater than 3 percent of initial body weight, many individuals lost more than 5 percent of body weight during the 44-d field exercise.
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From page 128... ...
BAKER-FULCO 1989~. Mean weight losses in the Bolivia study were 2 percent of initial body weight for both the supplemented and control groups, consistent with body weight losses reported by other investigators for a 2-wk period at moderate altitude (Boyer and Blume, 1984; Fulco et al., 19854.
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Again, a depression of food intakes was seen at high altitude; however, body weight losses averaged only 0.74 percent, which indicates that energy intakes were sufficient to provide for the women's physical activity.
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From page 132... ...
Energy deficits combined with increased levels of physical activity would increase the absolute protein requirement. Most of the studies that found mean protein intakes below the MRDA were conducted in the cold and involved the RCW, which was designed to contain less protein in an effort to conserve body water.
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From page 133... ...
None of the studies with women found a mean calcium intake meeting the RDA of 1,200 m;,, although all but 2s00 2000 Is `, 1500 ce £ ._ 000 moo to . , L Garrison Academy Field Combined women FIGURE 8-1 Mean calcium intakes of male and female service members compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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From page 134... ...
These two studies included women in Bolivia and the recent study of women undergoing basic training at Fort Jackson. Figure 8-2 charts the folate intakes of most of the MND study groups.
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Table 8-7 presents nutrient consumptions as a percentage of what was provided. Mean energy intakes ranged from 47 to 78 percent of the energy provided when the ration approximated energy requirements.
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Based on energy intake and body weight loss, assuming that the energy deficit incurred by body weight loss is 3,500 kcal per pound, energy expenditures were 4,603 kcal and 3,954 kcal for the MRE VIII + supplement groups in 1989 and 1990, respectively. But weight losses of the two supplemented groups were comparable, 1.7 percent and 1.6 percent for the 1989 and 1990 study croups, respectively.
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From page 138... ...
Therefore, whereas increasing the variety of ration components should be done to enhance dietary intakes, this should not be expected to prevent weight loss. Energy Intakes Versus Energy Expenditures The best way to assess energy deficit during field operations is to compare energy intakes to actual energy expenditures.
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Significant weight loss is almost always accompanied by loss of lean body mass as well as fat. The greater the energy deficit and the leaner the individual, the greater is the relative contribution of lean tissues to the energy deficit (Forbes, 1987~.
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Food preferences are also altered at environmental extremes. In cold weather, soldiers prefer hot foods and cocoa, while in the heat, they prefer ice tea and Kool Aid.
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Rose et al., 19899. Although weight losses in the field are not inevitable, they are certainly difficult to prevent because of the myriad of contributing factors, many of which are not under the control of the individual or the commander.
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(U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Mass., unpublished data)
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From page 143... ...
Engell, and C.P Shaw 1987 Nutritional status and physical and mental performance of special operations soldiers consuming the Ration, Lightweight, or the Meal, Ready-to-Eat military field ration during a 30-day field exercise. Technical Report T7-87, AD A179 553.
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From page 144... ...
Tulley 1992 Nutrition and hydration status of soldiers consuming the 18-man Arctic Tray Pack ration module with either the Meal, Ready-to-Eat or the Long Life Ration Packet during a cold weather field training exercise. Technical Report T4-92.
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Askew 1 988 145 A comparison of the Meal, Ready-to-Eat, Ration, Cold Weather, and Ration, Lightweight nutrient intakes during moderate altitude cold weather field training operations. Technical Report T5-89.
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Dugan, and J.A. Gallo 1988 Nutrient intakes of habitual diners in a military-operated garrison dining facility.
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The thing is that we are traditionally in 2-wk exercises so this attitude we have all developed is that weight loss is okay. Over a short period of time, we do not have compensatory measures in place for that.
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From page 148... ...
DAVID SCHNAKENBERG: I think it is not a question of whether you can maintain or restore muscle glycogen by adding carbohydrate if you have not fixed the caloric energy deficit. I mean, if you put in even 400, 500, or 600 g
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EDWARD HIRSCH: Because the numbers we are starting to see are five or six or seven in a group in a field study and never quite enough to know what is going on.
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National Academy Press 9 The Effects of Ration Mollifications on Energy Intake, Dolly Weight Change' and Foocl Acceptance Ec~ward Hirsch' INTRODUCTION Over the past 10 years military rations have undergone extensive testing, during field training exercises (Hirsch and Kramer, 1993; see Baker-Fulco, Chapter 8 in this volume)
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