Not Eating Enough Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations (1995) / Chapter Skim
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11 Effects of Food Quality, Quantity, and Variety on Intake
11 Effects of Food Quality, Quantity, and Variety on Intake
Pages 203-216
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From page 203... ...
These studies will be reviewed and ways that foods might be altered to influence energy intake will be considered. SATIETY AND FOOD INTAKE The main reason that individuals choose particular foods is because they like the taste.
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From page 204... ...
Energy density of foods can affect daily energy intake and body weight. In one study (Duncan et al., 1983)
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From page 205... ...
Over a 20-wk study in lean and obese premenopausal women, a significantly greater energy intake was required to maintain subjects' body weight on a 21 percent fat diet than on the 37 percent fat maintenance diet. The authors concluded that macronutrient composition may play a role in energy requirements for weight maintenance.
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From page 206... ...
QUANTITY AND FORM OF FOOD Portion Size There is a strong tendency in many individuals to finish the food they are given, that is, to "clean the plate" (Krassner et al., 19793. Therefore it is likely that'portion size will affect the amount of food eaten, although there is little published research on such effects.
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From page 207... ...
Because studies thus far have only been conducted during a single meal, it is not clear whether altering food presentation can affect daily or longer-term energy intake. Form of Food Because hunger and thirst are regulated by different mechanisms, it is possible that offering solid and liquid forms of food could have different effects on the amount consumed.
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From page 208... ...
Food Labels Through their experiences of consuming foods and through messages associated with particular foods, individuals learn to consume amounts of foods appropriate for the satisfaction of hunger (Booth, 1985; Johnson et al., 1991~. Thus, the perceptions that individuals have of foods may affect the level of satiety associated with those foods, at least until experience proves these perceptions false.
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From page 209... ...
Thus, if foods are similar in taste to the food already consumed, they may also decrease in pleasantness. For example, after consumption of one sweet food, other sweet foods declined in pleasantness, but savory foods (i.e., salty and not sweet)
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From page 210... ...
Even offering in a meal the simple variation of three different pasta shapes increased intake by Is percent compared to meal intake with only the favorite pasta shape (Rolls et al., 1982~. These studies indicate that to maintain appetite throughout a meal and to encourage eating, the foods offered should be as varied as possible.
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From page 211... ...
Why the acceptability of particular foods declines over time is not well understood, but one possibility is that eating a food too often affects acceptance. Studies of the effects of consuming monotonous military rations indicate that repeated presentation of some foods can lead to a persistent decrease in the pleasantness of these foods (Schulz and Pilgrim, 1958; Siegel and Pilgrim, 1958~.
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From page 212... ...
In studies of the effects of consumption of a monotonous liquid diet, it was found that the subjects voluntarily restricted their intake and lost weight (Cabanac and Rabe, 1976; Hashim and Van Itallie, 1965~. Although it is difficult to conduct controlled studies in humans, some evidence exists that if freely available diets are varied and palatable, subjects may show excessive weight gain.
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From page 213... ...
Bacon, and R.L. Weinsier 1983 The effects of high and low energy density diets on satiety, energy intake, and eating time of obese and nonobese subjects.
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From page 214... ...
Cole, and L Brace 1991 Changes in body weight, body composition, and energy intake in women fed high- and low-fat diets.
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From page 215... ...
1988 Does dietary fiber affect food intake and body weight?
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From page 216... ...
The direct contribution of drinking to energy intake is obvious: beverages themselves are a good source of calories. The indirect influence on caloric intake is less apparent, but research indicates that limited fluid intake, when associated with hypohydration, leads to reduced food intake.
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