Not Eating Enough Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations (1995) / Chapter Skim
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12 Effects of Beverage Consumption and Hydration Status on Caloric Intake
12 Effects of Beverage Consumption and Hydration Status on Caloric Intake
Pages 217-238
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From page 217... ...
National Academy Press 1 Effects of Beverage Consumption and Hydration Status on Caloric intake Dianne Engell~ INTRODUCTION Water intake is essential for survival and critical for optimal performance. It is generally recognized that adequate fluid consumption is important to military operations because hypohydration can lead to performance decrements and life-threatening heat injuries in hot climates (e.g., Adolph et al., 1947; Ladell, 1955; Pitts et al., 1944; Saltin, 19649.
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From page 218... ...
determine the effects of sensory or situational factors on beverage consumption, other information on drinking behavior stems from the ration testing program in which rations are evaluated in realistic military field settings. The methodolo~v for these field studies A, includes monitoring tood and beverage intake and subjects' body weights and collecting acceptance ratings of rations and associated products such as packaging, heating devices, and utensils.
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Table 12-l summarizes the changes in MRE beverage composition from 1980 until 1993; Table 12-2 presents the nutritional composition of these beverages. Five MRE field studies were analyzed to determine the contribution of beverages to overall energy intake (Engell et al., 1987; Hirsch et al., 1985; Lester et al., 1989, 1993; Popper et al., 19879.
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Bev base, beverage base, a fruitflavored powder available in cherry, grape, orange, and lemon-lime flavors. In the studies in which soldiers were consuming an early version of the MRE-the MRE IV (Engell et al., 1987; Hirsch et al., 1985; Popper et al., 1987 - beverage consumption accounted for 178 to 274 kcal, representing 8 to 10 percent of the overall daily energy intake.
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Although this finding appears to be an improvement in terms of increasing daily caloric intake in the field, it could only be considered a real enhancement if the additional calories represent an incremental increase in overall daily intake and do not displace calories ingested in other forms. The calories ingested as drinks have been in fact found to be a true increment in daily caloric consumption, because consumption rates of the other ration 600 k sop P 300 e r 200 d a y 100 o 20% 13-17% 8-10% of daily kcal intake ~ .........
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The most striking example from military field studies to illustrate that beverage calories add to total caloric intake is the author's 1983 study conducted at Fort Benning (unpublished data, 19839. In this study, beverage intake of soldiers receiving flavored, caloric beverages was compared to intake of soldiers who received only water.
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. Several years ago this author began to explore the effects of limited water intake on food consumption (Engell, 1988~.
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Although this experiment demonstrated that limited water intake reduces food consumption and that thirst is negatively correlated with food intake, the question of whether hypohydration or limited water availability during a meal is responsible for the reduced food intake was not resolved. The next experiment addressed the question of whether the amount of drinking water at one meal affects food consumption (Engell, 1993~.
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Elevated thirst is not associated with reduced food consumption unless it is associated with hypohydration (as indicated by rapid body weight loss or elevated urine-specific gravity)
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In the field, beverage consumption requires more effort: soldiers need to prepare beverages and are required to wash their canteen cups following use. The effects of environmental influences (e.g., beverage accessibility)
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. The Influence of the Drinking Environment on Fluid Intake Beverage accessibility, when defined as the amount of effort required to obtain drinking water at a meal, has been studied in humans in two experiments (Engell and Hirsch, 1991; Engell et al., 1993~.
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Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass., unpublished data, 19943. When requested to rate how convenient it was to obtain water in the field, only 52 percent of the soldiers said that obtaining water was convenient, which suggests that water intake in the field could be limited by the amount of effort required to refill canteens.
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The Effects of Beverage Attributes on Fluid Intake Beverage attributes have been shown to have powerful effects on consumption. Beverages with higher hedonic ratings are consumed more than those with lower ratings, and the flavor and temperature of beverages, as well 400 r I 350 300 250 n 200 t a 150 k e 100 50 g O ALONE MODEL-LtMI-~-ED IN - KE MODEL-ENHANCED INANE Social Situation FIGURE 12-6 Effect of a social model on water intake during a meal [F (2,53)
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The direct contribution of beverages to the energy intake of soldiers was found to be significant: beverages contribute as much as 20 percent to daily caloric intake in the field. The indirect influence of beverage consumption on caloric intake was also found to be significant.
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The excellent potential for increasing total caloric intake by using beverage supplements in the field is supported by research findings (Blair, 1991; Booth, 1988; Porikos and Van Itallie, 1984~.
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Although some research has indicated that aspartame increases appetite and could increase daily caloric intake, this possibility has been dismissed (Renwick, 1994~. · Including more diverse beverage products also could increase caloric intake.
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, and about 50 percent of 615 troops recently surveyed described the location of their water supply in the field as less than convenient. Reducing the effort required to prepare beverages may also increase beverage consumption rates.
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1993 Effects of water intake on food palatability and intake [abstract]
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Tordoff, M.G., and A.M. Alleva 1990 Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight.
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and data from our field studies and your and others' laboratory work suggest that calories in beverages could increase caloric intake in the field. AEON nF CASTRO: What I found with the ad-libitum intake is that calories consumed in the Form of liquids do not displace solid lmaKe wllnln meals anu that most drinking occurs at mealtimes (de Castro, 1988, 1993)
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BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION, HYDRATION AND INTAKE 237 DIANNE ENGELL: That's consistent with what we have seen in our field studies. That is, it seems that calories from beverages do not displace calories from solid food.
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Not Eating Enough, 1995 Pp.
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