Not Eating Enough Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations (1995) / Chapter Skim
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16 The Functional Effects of Carbohydrate and Energy Underconsumption
16 The Functional Effects of Carbohydrate and Energy Underconsumption
Pages 303-316
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From page 303... ...
National Academy Press 16 The Functional Effects of Carbohydrate and Energy Un(lerconsumption Stephen Phinney' INTRODUCTION The physiological effects of energy restriction are wide ranging, and they also depend in part on the mechanism through which the energy deficit is induced. This chapter focuses on the functional effects of caloric and/or carbohydrate restriction in the short and long term and also addresses their potential clinical implications.
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Soldiers were switched 2 Pemmican was a Native American preparation of dried meat mixed with hot animal fat in roughly equal proportion. When cooled, the solid product was compact and stable for months.
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Empiric observations based upon self-reported physical activity, however, indicated that obese humans on very-low-calorie diets recovered endurance physical performance after a few weeks, and were then able to extend themselves beyond normal daily activities into more purposeful athletic pursuits during the severe calorie- and carbohydrate-restricted phase of such diets. This observation was documented in a number of controlled studies (Phinney et al., 1980, 1988)
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Although a high omega-6 polyunsaturated fat intake may be optimum for cardiac health when fats are a minority of total calories, this is probably not true when fat makes up the vast majority of dietary caloric intake. As a first guess, then, one should look to the composition of human adipose tissue for guidance as to "the body's preferred mix of fats as fuel." Human adipose tissue is composed of monounsaturates as the primary class of fatty acids with 3 A pace line is an aerodynamic formation of cyclists in which the lead position is changed at regular intervals.
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ENERGY RESTRICTION The majority of recent research involving caloric restriction has been the result of voluntary restriction to induce therapeutic weight loss. Depending on the weight of the individual and the desired degree of loss, reports of voluntary energy deficits have varied from a few hundred kilocalories to total starvation, with deficit durations lasting 6 months or longer (Keys et al., 1950; NIH Technology Assessment Conference, 1992~.
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Effects on Lean Body Mass and Function Negative nitrogen balance is a common but not obligate early response to reduced food intake. With total starvation in an unstressed adult, lean body mass losses approach 0.5 kg/d, but with adaptation to nutritional ketosis, the daily rate of nitrogen loss is cut by a factor of 4 over 28 days (Cahill, 1970~.
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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Calorie underconsumption generally has negative effects on lean body mass, physical performance, and host defense against infection. These effects can be forestalled by attention to protein, mineral, and vitamin intakes.
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Sims 1981 Comparison of carbohydrate containing and carbohydrate restricted hypocaloric diets in the treatment of obesity.
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Danforth, Jr. 1988 Effects of aerobic exercise on energy expenditure and nitrogen balance during very low calorie dieting.
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.. WILLIAM BEISEL: A lot has been made well known that the advantage of intake is the declining protein efficiency goes down, but there are also a lot of studies out there that show that increased protein intake increased the efficiency of energy.
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~= A^^ ^ ~_ ~} ~11 1tl~l Ball ill But we know that, among other things, that the effect of IL-1, and TNF is in part impacting the immune system. So, acute injury effects, not gunshot wounds, not crush injuries, but maybe the rather subtle injury that comes from stiff muscles and sore muscles may be enough to down-regulate some of the things for our sensitive tests of immune function and therefore work.
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So, in general, the sense is that this is probably only happening this is not happening to these people on a regular basis and that it isn't a health issue. MARY MAYS: I think I don't find that entirely valid because the types of folks that are going our on a repetitive and prolonged period field deployment, or are your support troops, they are not your combat troops the Rangers and special forces but it is the CSS community that is it is a smaller trail.
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MARY MAYS: The CSS community probably has more repetitive actions in terms of endurance type activities as opposed to short burst high peak activity. These are the guys doing the truck off-loads, the truck on-loads, the warehousing operation.
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For body weight maintenance, meals should be scheduled at the physiologically and logistically most useful times. A series of studies shows that meals scheduled at the conclusion of activity periods may enhance food intake.
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