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From page 465... ... Index A A Rations application, 7-8 cholesterol levels, 249 described, 7-8, 117 energy balance, 46 field feeding, 32, 65, 66 nutrient intake, 139 preparation, 117 in training environment, 50 Aerobic capacity, 277 energy metabolism and, 268-273, in ketogenic diet, 306 oxygen uptake, 14, 272 women and, 277 Aldosterone, 306, 308 Altitude-induced effects, 126, 128 Anemia, iron deficiency, 13 Animal studies food variety as intake factor, 164 generalizability, 18 465 learning and consumption, 292 social facilitation of intake, 374-375,384,385 Anorexia nervosa application to troop underconsumption, 400-401 clinical features, 398-399 comorbid disorders, 395, 399 cytokine-mediated, 313 dehydration-induced, 140 energy metabolism, 307 epidemiology, 399 hypohydration-induced, 41, 50 See also Eating disorders Appetite fluid intake and, 222, 223-224 situational cues and, 22 in stressful situations, 262, 401 Army Field Feeding System (AFFS) deficiencies of current system, 69-70 evaluation and results, 50, 66 implementation, 66-69 potential application, 48-49 Read the entire page →
From page 466... ... , 83 Artificial sweeteners, 51, 142 Aspirin, 369 Assimilation model, 26, 27, 188-189, 190-192, 197-198 Attitudes about food appropriateness, 24-25 behavior and, 353 commanders', as intake determinant, 23-24, 42 as focus of interventions to overcome underconsumption, 52 individual differences in intake, 43 mood, 287 perceived lack of meal choices, 330 role of commanders in shaping, 74 toward ration consumption, 325 toward weight loss in military settings, 10, 15 See also Food image and stereotypes INDEX B B Rations development and testing, 117 described, 7, 116- 117 field feeding, 32, 65, 66 ingredients, 7 preparation, 7, 116- 117 in training environment, 50 Baseline data cognitive performance, 288-289 consumption, 18, 255-256 Beverages accessibility, 29, 30, 222-226, 227-228, 236-237 artificially sweetened, 51, 142 attributes of, as intake factor, 229-230 caloric intake and, 217-222, 230, 231-232 CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 CIvINR recommendations regarding, 51 consumer behavior situational research, 343-344 determinants of intake, 29-30 dietary role, 217 energy-containing, food intake and' 27-28 factors affecting intake in field, 226-230 food interactions, 29, 30 hedonic qualities, 30 hot drink consumption in cold environments, 220 liquid diet, portion size as intake factor, 206-207 lubricating effect, 225 preparation requirements, 233 social factors affecting intake, 229 variety, 232 Read the entire page →
From page 467... ... See Circadian rhythms 467 Circadian rhythms on consumption, effect of, 21 in consumption interventions, 368-369 during deployment, 324 exercise effects, 366 general health applications, 369-370 meal timing and, 30, 327, 361-371 troop relocation effects, 406-407 CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research Coffee, 113, 114, 190 Cognitive performance baseline data, 288-289 CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 control group data for field research, 289 dehydration effects, 15 effects of underconsumption, 15-18, 43, 47, 292-294, 298-299 environmental factors in field-ration studies, 290 glycogen metabolism in, 132 individual differences, 291 investigator bias, 292 learning, 292 motivational factors, 290-291 obstacles to assessment of, 15, 18, 47, 172, 289-290 obstacles to field research, 289-292, 298 operational measures, 287 psychomotor performance vs.? Read the entire page →
From page 468... ... Army questions to, 5 answer to Army questions, 41-45 conclusions of, 45-49 in developing military nutritional standards, role of, 91, 92, 94 emphasis on labeling, 31, 45, 118 in evaluating ration testing, role of, 3, 99, 101, 104 identifying research needs, 52-53 previous reports of, 11, 19-20, 118, 257 recommendations of, 49-52 task from the Army, 4-5, 57, 122 workshop convened by, 6, 62 Constipation, 81 Cooks in AFFS, 68, 69 in AFFS-F, 70-72 in Combat Field Feeding System, 100 future policy for field feeding, 33 Cytokine-mediated underconsumption CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 ibuprofen and, 14, 53 as result of trauma and sickness, 307 D Dehydration cognitive functioning and, 15 criteria for monitoring, 106 in deployment, 324 Read the entire page →
From page 469... ... INDEX field monitoring, 51 in weight loss, 12, 46, 140 See also Hypohydration Deployment process, 323-325, 406-407 Desert ShieldlStorm anecdotal evidence of feeding patterns, 4, 81 feedback on weight loss during, 52 field feeding, 32, 65 regarding labeling, feedback from, 31 troop weight loss, 147 use of MREs during, 7 Detraining effects, 270 Development and evaluation of feeding systems acceptance measures, 358 AFFS, 50, 66, 76 B Rations, 117 beverage components, 218-222, 232 challenges in, 110- 112, 119 dehydration criteria, 106 future developments, 118- 119 KCLFF-E, 53 MFM, 115 MRE, 3-4, 31, 58, 60, 98-100, 104-105, 112-115, 128, 152-159 novelty of new rations as consumption variable, 148, 159 nutritional criteria, 97-98 nutritional labeling, 118 responsibility, 109- 110 T Ration, 116, 159-162 UGR, 117-118 weight loss criteria, 49, 106 See also Intake studies Diarrhea, 147 Disease. See Trauma and sickness 469 E Eating disorders assessment, 394 biological factors, 395-396 clinical features, 394-395 cognitive factors, 397 cognitive treatments, 406 comorbidity, 395, 396 epidemiology, 393 family risk factors, 395 personality characteristics, 396, 397 prevalence in military, 405 risk factors, 393-394 social factors, 397-398, 405 symptoms, 393 See also Anorexia nervosa; Binge eating disorder; Bulimia nervosa Education and training for AFFS-F, 74 CHAR recommendations regarding, 50, 51 for commanders, 24, 51 to increase food intake, 45 need for, 82, 83 Energy metabolism aerobic capacity and, 268-273 in anorexia of illness or injury, 307 baseline data, 255-256 between-meal foods and fluids in, 126 calculations, 20 carbohydrate intake and' 148-149 criteria for evaluation, 49 effects of deficits in, 308-309 effects of ration modifications on, 10 fat consumption and, 205 field monitoring, 53 field studies, 125- 128 Read the entire page →
From page 470... ... 188-189, 190-192 commander's role in determining, 196- 197 commercial vs. military packaging, 194- 196 consumption and, 194 food acceptance, 26, 178- 181 food quality, 178, 181 - 183 informational variables in food acceptance, 187- 188 models of disconfirmed expectations, 188- 189 sensory, 343 troop survey, 178 F Fat, dietary contradictory messages to soldiers? Read the entire page →
From page 471... ... variety, 163 sensory cues and, 328 situational factors in, 170- 171 T Rations, 160 troop expectations, 178- 181 within-meal variety, 208-210 Food appropriateness categorization, 346-353 elements of, 342 laboratory studies, 354-355 meal timing and, 42, 327, 354 situational factors, 25 Food image and stereotypes characteristics and sources, 183-187 commander's role in determining, 196- 197 current understanding, 197- 198 expectations among military, 25, 178-183, 185-187 fat in food, 247, 248 general public and media, 25, 178 improving. CMNR recommendations regarding, 45, 52 Read the entire page →
From page 472... ... commercial food, perceptions of, 183 in models of disconfirmed expectations, 189 shelf life, 111 troop expectations, 178, 181-183 See also Palatability Future developments CMNR identifies research needs for, 52-53 field feeding concepts, 118-119 field feeding, 33 MRE beverages, 219 ration design, 31 self-heating group meal, 119 self-heating individual meal, 118-119 G Gastrointestinal functioning, 81, 147, 152, 153 Glycogen, 132, 147, 148, 305, 308 Grazing, 359 Group interaction, 23, 48, 331, 374-375, 387-388 INDEX HHigh-altitude environments, 9 High-fat diets CMNR identifies research needs for, 44 in cold environments, 140 high-fiber diet vs., 213 high-carbohydrate diet vs., 304 omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturates in, 306-307 satiety value of, 205, 206 use of carbohydrate to prevent ketosis in, 19-20 Hot environments conducting field studies in, 53 energy intake, 9 food intake in, 140 heat-stable chocolate, 113 hypohydration in, 217 weight loss in, 12 Hot meals access to ration heating as intake factor, 329 advantages of, 49, 125 inAFFS, 32, 33 in AFFS-F, 32, 33, 72, 73, 75 food acceptance and, 69-70 nutrient intake and, 139 possibilities with KCLFF-E, 72 self-heating group meal, 119 self-heating individual meal, 118-119 Hypohydration anorexia induced by, 41, 50 CMNR recommendations regarding, 50, 53 in food intake studies, 222-226, 230 in hot environments, 217 indicators of, 222, 225-226 reduced food intake as a result of, 21, 41 See also Dehydration Read the entire page →
From page 473... ... -BALM CMNR identifies research needs for, 48, 52-53 CMNR recommendations regarding, 50-52 education and training, 24, 45 emotional factors, 48 environmental factors in, 44-45, 48, 412-413 field feeding doctrine, 44, 48, 49 food appropriateness as element of, 25, 47 food image and stereotypes as focus of, 198 food variety, 135- 137, 212 hot meals, 49 implementation, 411, 413 Read the entire page →
From page 474... ... , 68 Kitchen Company Level Field Feeding-Enhanced (KCLFF-E) CMNR evaluation of, 53 command structure, 73 equipment and capabilities, 33, 72-73 tactical flexibility, 73-74 Kitchen in a Carton, 31, 119 Korean War, 31 L Labeling CMNR emphasis on, 31, 45 CMNR recommendations regarding, 51 current developments, 118 feedback from Operation Desert Shield/Storm regarding, 31 intake and, 208 military vs. Read the entire page →
From page 475... ... 154- 159 nutritional balance, 7, 112 nutritional testing, 98- 100, 104-105 in Operation Desert Shield/ Storm, use of, 7 packaging, 7, 112, 115 portion size 330 475 prolonged feeding studies, 152-153 role of CMNR in evaluating testing of, 99 short-term applications, evaluation of, 50 Soldier Enhancement Pack, 157-159, 219, 220-221 supplement pack, 156- 157 in training environment, 50 underconsumption, 3-4 wastage of, CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 weight, 7 weight loss in field study, 9 Meal size, social mediation of, 378-382 Meal timing in AFFS, 68-69 circadian rhythms and, SO, 327, 361-370 CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 duration of meal, 326, 386, 387-388 in field operations, 325 frequency, 326 perceived appropriateness, 354 physical performance and, 366 regularity and predictability, 326-327 Menu cycle CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 current standard, 112 defined, 160 n.3 food monotony study, 164- 165 logistical constraints, 111-112 T Rations, 160 Menus CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 food appropriateness considerations, 24-25 Read the entire page →
From page 476... ... calcium, 133 carbohydrate, 132 cold environment training, 128-130 Combat Field Feeding System, 104 folate, 134 historical development, 30-31, 59-60, 91-94 intake studies in garrison, 123 MRE conformity, 3 MRE testing, 98- 100, 104- 105 nutritional criteria for testing, 97-98 protein, 132 ration formulations excepted from, 30 role of, 30 T Rations, 160 for women, 130. 273 Minerals deficits in women, 258-259 immune function and, 309 in ketogenic diets, 306 long-term effects of deficits, 141 See also Calcium Mission, Energy, Troops, Terrain, and Time (METT-T) Read the entire page →
From page 477... ... military, consumption and, 194- 196 on consumption, effects of, 27, 29, 42, 194 ease of opening, 329, 333 food industry research, 244 MRE, 7, 112, 115 for operational rations, 31 477 product name, 244 storage of unused portions, 370 Palatability as determinant of intake, 203-204 food interactions during meal, 208-210 long-term effects, 211 micronutrients and, 210 military vs. commercial food, 183 physical exertion and, 243, 249 role of fat, 246 sensory cues and, 328 Pemmican, 18- 19, 304-305 Physical performance aerobic capacity, 268-273, 277 body temperature in exertion, 260 carbohydrate metabolism and, 130-132 CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 effects of underconsumption on, 43, 46-47 energy metabolism and, 254, 259-262 fat loss as enhancer of, 257 glycogen function in, 305 during ketogenic diets, 305-306 macronutrient requirements, 18-21 meal timing and, 366 measurement strategies, 13- 14, 61, 262-265 oxygen uptake, 14, 272 physical training test data, 147, 171-173 psychological factors, 264-265 272-273 ration as force multiplier, l l l short-term high-intensity, 273-276, 314-315 strength, 265-268, 276-277 Read the entire page →
From page 478... ... academic research, 239-240 Product name, 244 Protein metabolism energy needs, 20 garrison studies, 123 intake studies, 132- 133 mental functioning and, 293 partial consumption of ration and' 135 underconsumption and, 18-21 weight loss and, 20 Psychological factors adaptation to deployment, 325 eating disorder model of troop underconsumption, 400-401 economic modeling of behavior, 319-321, 333 in etiology of eating disorders, 394, 395, 396-397 evidence for social mediation of food intake, 374-377, 378-383, 388, 392 meal regularity and predictability, 326-327 performance motivation, 290-291 physical performance and, 264-265, 272-273 situational cues, 21-22 social behavior, 373-374 Read the entire page →
From page 479... ... solid foods, 236 motivation to eat, 341 sensory-specific, 164, 208-212 479 social effects, 385-386 variety and, 164 Sauces, 75-76 Seasonings CMNR identifies research needs for, 44 food industry practice, 29 preference for, 244-245 Self-heating rations, 31, 111 group meal, 118-119 individual meal, 118- 119 Self-selection food intake and 135, 211, 241-242, 330 Sensory cues expectancies, 343 on food intake, effects of, 21-22, 327-328 nonsensory cues, 330-331 Sensory-specific satiety defined, 164 variety and, 208-212 Serotonin, 396 Shelf life, 111 Situational factors acceptance modeling, 63-64 CMNR identifies research needs for, 53 cognitive functioning in field exercises, 15 consumer behavior research, 343-346 deployment process, 323-325 economic modeling of behavior, 319-321, 333 expectations of food acceptance, 179-181 expectations of food quality, 181-183 field research methodology, 28 field research vs. multifactorial modeling, 33-34 in fluid intake, 29, 226-229, 232-233 Read the entire page →
From page 480... ... See Development and evaluation of feeding systems Trauma and sickness anorexia related to, 307 immune function, 308, 309 nitrogen balance in, 308, 309 resulting in cytokine-mediated underconsumption, 307 weight loss in, 11, 14 Read the entire page →
From page 481... ... , 5 U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) Read the entire page →
From page 482... ... 15 MRE field studies, 9, 58, 99-100, 128 during Operation Desert Sheild/Storm, feedback on, 52 physiological effects, 11-12 protein intake and, 20 rate of, 12, 47 recent operational data, 147, 171-172 ir1 short-term high-intensity activity, 274, 275 strength effects, 265-268, 276-277 vs. nutritional loss, 287 Women aerobic capacity and, 277 calcium intake, 104, 133-134, 141 carbohydrate intake, 19 Read the entire page →
From page 483... ... INDEX CMNR recommendations regarding, 52, 53 in focus groups, 52 folate intake, 134, 141 intake studies, 130, 149, 277 nutrition standards, 93 nutritional status and physical performance, 258-259 protein intake, 20, 132 reduced hemoglobin concentration, 258, 259 World War II, 31, 93 483 Read the entire page →

From page 465...

... Index A A Rations application, 7-8 cholesterol levels, 249 described, 7-8, 117 energy balance, 46 field feeding, 32, 65, 66 nutrient intake, 139 preparation, 117 in training environment, 50 Aerobic capacity, 277 energy metabolism and, 268-273, in ketogenic diet, 306 oxygen uptake, 14, 272 women and, 277 Aldosterone, 306, 308 Altitude-induced effects, 126, 128 Anemia, iron deficiency, 13 Animal studies food variety as intake factor, 164 generalizability, 18 465 learning and consumption, 292 social facilitation of intake, 374-375,384,385 Anorexia nervosa application to troop underconsumption, 400-401 clinical features, 398-399 comorbid disorders, 395, 399 cytokine-mediated, 313 dehydration-induced, 140 energy metabolism, 307 epidemiology, 399 hypohydration-induced, 41, 50 See also Eating disorders Appetite fluid intake and, 222, 223-224 situational cues and, 22 in stressful situations, 262, 401 Army Field Feeding System (AFFS) deficiencies of current system, 69-70 evaluation and results, 50, 66 implementation, 66-69 potential application, 48-49

Index Pages 465-483

Index
Pages 465-483