50 Years of Ocean Discovery National Science Foundation 1950-2000 (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry
Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry
Pages 152-162
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From page 152... ...
It appeared variously as the topic of ocean chemistry within "large and small science programs," "large oceanographic programs," and "major international programs." This does send a message; after all the so-called "large programs" are identifiable as discrete from "small science" aren't they? And if the programs were large, well then they were probably international, and vice versa.
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From page 153... ...
This seemed to everyone to be quite normal, but such generosity made a great impression on me. The results of the Red Sea hot brines discovery, soon extended by the group on Atlantis II finding a collection of still hotter, more chemically extreme solutions, with vast metal deposits, occupied much of the ocean chemistry community in the late 1960s, and it received strong NSF support.
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From page 154... ...
At least three major institutions were big players: Scripps, where Harmon Craig had persuaded Arnold Bainbridge to set up the GEOSECS Operations Group that was to craft the advanced instrumentation and staff the technical support activity; Lamont, where Wally Broecker had pioneered many of the radiochemical tracer techniques and gas exchange rate concepts; and Woods Hole, which was to provide the RV Knorr for the first, Atlantic, expedition and where Derek Spencer created the coordinating center. Karl Turekian at Yale and Gote Ostlund at Miami provided wisdom and refereed the sometimes amazing disputes that arose.
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From page 155... ...
Hank Stommel noted "a profound sense of beauty" in seeing for the first time the tracer signal of the North Atlantic deep water overflows as they began the abyssal tour, and an intense flurry of activity resulted in a strong collection of papers (Craig, 1974~. Feenan Jennings at NSF made sure that the program proceeded.
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From page 156... ...
They reported that "the mean replacement times for the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic ocean deep waters (more than 1500 meters deep)
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From page 157... ...
Richard Gammon made the first, exciting measurements of the chlorofluorocarbon tracers. A marked freshening of the North Atlantic was found, which became part of the "Great Salinity Anomaly." The tracer signals showed beautifully the evolution of ocean water masses in the nine years since GEOSECS.
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From page 158... ...
There were big programs I had never heard of and small programs of all kinds. The folding of the former IDOE big programs into the Division of Ocean Sciences had just occurred, and I began to realize that creating a new big program in this environment would be very difficult indeed.
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From page 159... ...
John Steele observed the emergence of WOCE, with roots in a desire to use an altimetric satellite combined with a global hydrographic survey, in order to study the global circulation. He was concerned that no program of similar scale existed to constrain the biogeochemical cycles of the ocean and that the promise of an ocean color satellite, hinted at by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS)
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From page 160... ...
And it has enabled the discovery of the fundamental pattern and time scale of ocean circulation, the invading chemical signal of the twentieth century, the chemistry of strange seas, and the fundamental basis for biogeochemical balance as we approach a warmer world. Big programs are not impersonal, but are unusually intense experiences for dozens of small groups.
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From page 161... ...
1969. Hot Brines and Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea.
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