Appendix B
The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s
TABLE B-1 Federally Financed and Total Academic Research and Education Expenditures in Mathematics and Statistics, 1980-1998
Year |
Federally Financed Academic R&D Expenditures (U.S. $) |
Total Academic R&D Expenditures (U.S. $) |
% Federal |
1980 |
61,246 |
78,112 |
78 |
1981 |
67,780 |
87,112 |
78 |
1982 |
71,829 |
96,419 |
74 |
1983 |
76,518 |
106,408 |
72 |
1984 |
92,317 |
123,149 |
75 |
1985 |
96,979 |
127,730 |
76 |
1986 |
114,359 |
151,561 |
75 |
1987 |
131,952 |
177,246 |
74 |
1988 |
149,959 |
198,863 |
75 |
1989 |
157,315 |
214,638 |
73 |
1990 |
160,910 |
221,752 |
73 |
1991 |
170,544 |
230,179 |
74 |
1992 |
183,262 |
247,719 |
74 |
1993 |
203,122 |
272,250 |
75 |
1994 |
205,346 |
282,046 |
73 |
1995 |
204,928 |
278,952 |
73 |
1996 |
208,197 |
288,570 |
72 |
1997 |
202,208 |
289,802 |
70 |
1998 |
214,289 |
310,710 |
69 |
NOTE: R&D, research and development. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, “Survey of R&D Expenditures at Universities and Colleges,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsf.gov. |
TABLE B-2 Sources and Mechanisms of Support for Full-Time Graduate Students in Mathematics and Statistics Doctorate-Granting Institutions in the United States, 1980-1998 (number, by year)
Source of Support |
Mechanism of Support |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
NSF |
Fellowships |
97 |
61 |
55 |
81 |
76 |
85 |
93 |
104 |
114 |
126 |
NSF |
Traineeships |
6 |
9 |
10 |
9 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
NSF |
RA |
149 |
152 |
158 |
131 |
193 |
223 |
253 |
319 |
340 |
339 |
NSF |
TA |
6 |
3 |
1 |
NA |
NA |
1 |
2 |
3 |
NA |
5 |
NSF |
Other |
4 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
NIH |
Fellowships |
NA |
NA |
1 |
3 |
2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
3 |
NIH |
Traineeships |
7 |
3 |
5 |
6 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
NIH |
RA |
27 |
19 |
19 |
19 |
18 |
16 |
13 |
19 |
21 |
19 |
NIH |
TA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NIH |
Other |
NA |
2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
3 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
HHS (except NIH) |
Fellowships |
5 |
1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
HHS (except NIH) |
Traineeships |
4 |
4 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1 |
NA |
HHS (except NIH) |
RA |
9 |
6 |
14 |
13 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
8 |
HHS (except NIH) |
TA |
3 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1 |
1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
HHS (except NIH) |
Other |
3 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
DOD |
Fellowships |
9 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
6 |
11 |
14 |
17 |
23 |
27 |
DOD |
Traineeships |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1 |
1 |
11 |
7 |
5 |
DOD |
RA |
101 |
77 |
80 |
94 |
109 |
127 |
146 |
146 |
183 |
148 |
DOD |
Other |
219 |
262 |
288 |
209 |
189 |
247 |
271 |
264 |
300 |
215 |
Other federal |
Fellowships |
15 |
18 |
22 |
26 |
16 |
23 |
23 |
21 |
32 |
95 |
Other federal |
Traineeships |
5 |
1 |
3 |
7 |
6 |
4 |
11 |
1 |
1 |
30 |
Other federal |
RA |
135 |
86 |
106 |
93 |
87 |
110 |
123 |
145 |
120 |
148 |
Other federal |
TA |
18 |
40 |
21 |
17 |
13 |
28 |
7 |
4 |
5 |
16 |
Other federal |
Other |
46 |
46 |
25 |
43 |
31 |
36 |
22 |
15 |
27 |
24 |
Nonfederal |
Fellowships |
633 |
597 |
603 |
577 |
666 |
738 |
778 |
718 |
772 |
751 |
Nonfederal |
Traineeships |
123 |
116 |
108 |
102 |
150 |
137 |
112 |
141 |
191 |
172 |
Nonfederal |
RA |
363 |
420 |
468 |
453 |
461 |
520 |
500 |
476 |
560 |
642 |
Nonfederal |
TA |
5,580 |
5,705 |
6,051 |
6,428 |
6,611 |
6,776 |
7,144 |
7,454 |
7,589 |
7,808 |
Nonfederal |
Other |
437 |
423 |
472 |
444 |
511 |
487 |
549 |
595 |
635 |
585 |
Self-support |
Other |
1,897 |
2,095 |
2,293 |
2,191 |
2,148 |
2,229 |
2,306 |
2,569 |
2,576 |
2,504 |
Source of Support |
Mechanism of Support |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
NSF |
Fellowships |
136 |
139 |
120 |
114 |
132 |
130 |
126 |
95 |
90 |
NSF |
Traineeships |
2 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
21 |
19 |
22 |
21 |
23 |
NSF |
RA |
335 |
302 |
324 |
332 |
346 |
287 |
257 |
256 |
261 |
NSF |
TA |
16 |
6 |
9 |
17 |
17 |
28 |
25 |
12 |
4 |
NSF |
Other |
2 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
10 |
5 |
2 |
6 |
NIH |
Fellowships |
4 |
3 |
52 |
15 |
1 |
1 |
NA |
1 |
1 |
NIH |
Traineeships |
6 |
10 |
11 |
9 |
11 |
10 |
14 |
13 |
8 |
NIH |
RA |
27 |
48 |
43 |
43 |
55 |
46 |
44 |
47 |
57 |
NIH |
TA |
1 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
NA |
1 |
NA |
1 |
NA |
NIH |
Other |
1 |
NA |
4 |
4 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
HHS (except NIH) |
Fellowships |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
6 |
7 |
21 |
22 |
HHS (except NIH) |
Traineeships |
8 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
HHS (except NIH) |
RA |
2 |
4 |
6 |
6 |
8 |
18 |
12 |
9 |
10 |
HHS (except NIH) |
TA |
NA |
NA |
1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
HHS (except NIH) |
Other |
NA |
1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
2 |
NA |
NA |
DOD |
Fellowships |
52 |
42 |
38 |
42 |
42 |
35 |
30 |
22 |
18 |
DOD |
Traineeships |
7 |
8 |
3 |
3 |
6 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
. |
DOD |
RA |
112 |
121 |
139 |
159 |
129 |
125 |
119 |
154 |
89 |
DOD |
Other |
196 |
205 |
206 |
195 |
195 |
161 |
198 |
186 |
176 |
Other federal |
Fellowships |
200 |
327 |
246 |
225 |
123 |
124 |
123 |
96 |
85 |
Other federal |
Traineeships |
29 |
55 |
79 |
65 |
31 |
42 |
20 |
14 |
23 |
Other federal |
RA |
134 |
169 |
172 |
196 |
205 |
183 |
183 |
159 |
124 |
Other federal |
TA |
25 |
29 |
11 |
20 |
33 |
19 |
24 |
21 |
38 |
Other federal |
Other |
38 |
26 |
28 |
19 |
39 |
36 |
19 |
17 |
7 |
Nonfederal |
Fellowships |
734 |
854 |
960 |
967 |
918 |
1,001 |
999 |
971 |
888 |
Nonfederal |
Traineeships |
129 |
132 |
125 |
176 |
175 |
150 |
119 |
130 |
110 |
Nonfederal |
RA |
725 |
712 |
726 |
700 |
791 |
792 |
681 |
764 |
674 |
Nonfederal |
TA |
7,829 |
7,728 |
7,717 |
7,546 |
7,584 |
7,245 |
7,078 |
6,665 |
6,524 |
Nonfederal |
Other |
632 |
695 |
676 |
529 |
545 |
459 |
513 |
430 |
546 |
Self-support |
Other |
2,483 |
2,632 |
2,978 |
3,138 |
2,816 |
2,476 |
2,339 |
2,032 |
1,965 |
NOTE: NA, not available; NSF, National Science Foundation; RA, Research Assistant; TA, Teaching Assistant; NIH, National Institutes of Health; HHS, Health and Human Services; DOD, Department of Defense. SOURCE: National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in S&E,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsf.gov. |
TABLE B-3 Mathematics Doctorate Holders Employed in Academia in the United States, 1981-1999
Year |
Mathematics Doctorate Holders Employed in Academia (no. in thousands) |
Academic Mathematics Doctorate Holders with Federal Support (%) |
1981 |
12.4 |
21.3 |
1983 |
12.9 |
30.1 |
1985a |
13.6 |
21.5 |
1987 |
13.8 |
31.1 |
1989 |
14.5 |
33.5 |
1991 |
15.2 |
34.5 |
1993a |
15.5 |
18.8 |
1995a |
14.6 |
22.3 |
1997a |
15.6 |
20.9 |
1999 |
15.2 |
29.1 |
a Not comparable to the other years and understates the degree of federal support by virtue of asking whether work performed during the week of April 15 was supported by the government. In other years, the question pertains to work conducted over the course of a year. SOURCE: Adapted from NSB (2004), Appendix Tables 5-26 and 5-32. |
TABLE B-4 Number and Percentage of Full-Time Graduate Students in Mathematics and Statistics at Doctorate-Granting Institutions in the United States, by Gender, Race, and Citizenship, 1980-2006
Year |
Total (no.) |
Female (no.) |
Female (%) |
U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (no.) |
U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (%) |
Underrepresented Minorities (no.) |
Underrepresented Minorities (%) |
1980 |
9,543 |
2,209 |
23 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1981 |
9,853 |
2,426 |
25 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1982 |
10,421 |
2,647 |
25 |
6,626 |
64 |
345 |
5 |
1983 |
10,593 |
2,776 |
26 |
6,431 |
61 |
365 |
6 |
1984 |
10,812 |
2,802 |
26 |
6,374 |
59 |
326 |
5 |
1985 |
11,318 |
3,016 |
27 |
6,602 |
58 |
346 |
5 |
1986 |
11,911 |
3,216 |
27 |
6,865 |
58 |
393 |
6 |
1987 |
12,539 |
3,367 |
27 |
7,155 |
57 |
445 |
6 |
1988 |
13,014 |
3,523 |
27 |
7,341 |
56 |
421 |
6 |
1989 |
13,208 |
3,775 |
29 |
7,329 |
55 |
461 |
6 |
1990 |
13,416 |
3,886 |
29 |
7,630 |
57 |
501 |
7 |
1991 |
13,822 |
4,057 |
29 |
8,053 |
58 |
491 |
6 |
1992 |
14,248 |
4,271 |
30 |
8,599 |
60 |
551 |
6 |
1993 |
14,089 |
4,268 |
30 |
8,693 |
62 |
633 |
7 |
1994 |
13,741 |
4,214 |
31 |
8,458 |
62 |
607 |
7 |
1995 |
12,984 |
4,030 |
31 |
7,927 |
61 |
649 |
8 |
1996 |
12,562 |
4,005 |
32 |
7,552 |
60 |
623 |
8 |
1997 |
11,772 |
3,810 |
32 |
6,975 |
59 |
617 |
9 |
1998 |
11,308 |
3,741 |
33 |
6,730 |
60 |
586 |
9 |
1999 |
11,388 |
3,952 |
35 |
6,269 |
55 |
588 |
9 |
2000 |
11,382 |
3,907 |
34 |
6,062 |
53 |
578 |
10 |
2001 |
12,040 |
4,198 |
35 |
6,301 |
52 |
616 |
10 |
2002 |
13,149 |
4,660 |
35 |
6,958 |
53 |
646 |
9 |
2003 |
13,988 |
4,869 |
35 |
7,407 |
53 |
692 |
9 |
2004 |
14,357 |
4,922 |
34 |
7,774 |
54 |
695 |
9 |
2005 |
14,652 |
4,909 |
34 |
8,012 |
55 |
732 |
9 |
2006 |
14,995 |
5,086 |
34 |
8,271 |
55 |
785 |
9 |
NOTE: NA, not available. There is no “unknown” for citizenship and gender. Underrepresented minorities include black, non-Hispanic; American Indian or Alaska Native; and Hispanic. Race/ethnicity data include other/unknown in the denominator. Race/ethnicity is only known for U.S. citizens/permanent residents. SOURCE: National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in S&E,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsf.gov. |
TABLE B-5 Degrees Awarded in Mathematical Sciences in the United States, 1980-2006, by Degree Level
TABLE B-6 Number and Percentage of Mathematics and Statistics Doctorates in the United States, by Gender, Race, and Citizenship, 1980-2006
Year |
Doctorates (no.) |
Female (no.) |
Female (%) |
U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (no.) |
U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (%) |
Underrepresented Minorities (no.) |
Underrepresented Minorities (%) |
1980 |
744 |
95 |
13 |
583 |
81 |
30 |
5 |
1981 |
728 |
112 |
15 |
525 |
74 |
44 |
8 |
1982 |
720 |
96 |
13 |
499 |
72 |
37 |
7 |
1983 |
701 |
113 |
16 |
459 |
69 |
31 |
7 |
1984 |
698 |
115 |
16 |
444 |
65 |
49 |
11 |
1985 |
688 |
106 |
15 |
419 |
64 |
42 |
10 |
1986 |
729 |
121 |
17 |
402 |
59 |
52 |
13 |
1987 |
739 |
125 |
17 |
396 |
57 |
52 |
13 |
1988 |
749 |
121 |
16 |
386 |
56 |
38 |
10 |
1989 |
859 |
155 |
18 |
428 |
55 |
43 |
10 |
1990 |
892 |
158 |
18 |
423 |
50 |
45 |
11 |
1991 |
1,038 |
199 |
19 |
517 |
50 |
57 |
11 |
1992 |
1,058 |
205 |
20 |
508 |
50 |
53 |
10 |
1993 |
1,146 |
264 |
23 |
590 |
53 |
59 |
10 |
1994 |
1,118 |
236 |
21 |
657 |
59 |
63 |
10 |
1995 |
1,190 |
265 |
22 |
771 |
67 |
52 |
7 |
1996 |
1,122 |
231 |
21 |
648 |
59 |
45 |
7 |
1997 |
1,123 |
263 |
24 |
629 |
59 |
58 |
9 |
1998 |
1,177 |
297 |
25 |
673 |
60 |
79 |
12 |
1999 |
1,080 |
276 |
26 |
604 |
58 |
55 |
9 |
2000 |
1,050 |
259 |
25 |
574 |
56 |
58 |
10 |
2001 |
1,009 |
275 |
27 |
528 |
55 |
63 |
12 |
2002 |
917 |
265 |
29 |
443 |
50 |
64 |
14 |
2003 |
992 |
264 |
27 |
517 |
54 |
72 |
14 |
2004 |
1,074 |
304 |
28 |
509 |
49 |
83 |
16 |
2005 |
1,197 |
324 |
27 |
538 |
47 |
94 |
17 |
2006 |
1,320 |
393 |
30 |
613 |
48 |
90 |
15 |
NOTE: The percentage female is the number of females divided by the number of females plus the number of males. In some cases gender was unknown. The same is true for citizenship. Underrepresented minorities include black, non-Hispanic; American Indian or Alaska Native; and Hispanic. The percentage of underrepresented minorities is divided by total doctorates, which include some people for whom race/ethnicity is “other/unknown.” SOURCE: National Science Foundation, “Survey of Earned Doctorates/Doctorate Records File,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcasper.nsf.gov. |
TABLE B-7 Number and Percentage of Doctorates in Mathematical Sciences in the United States Received by U.S. Citizens, 1980-1981 to 2007-2008
Year |
Total Doctorates by U.S. Institutions |
Total U.S. Citizen Doctoral Recipients |
Percent |
1980-1981 |
839 |
567 |
68 |
1981-1982 |
798 |
519 |
65 |
1982-1983 |
744 |
455 |
61 |
1983-1984 |
738 |
433 |
59 |
1984-1985 |
726 |
396 |
55 |
1985-1986 |
755 |
386 |
51 |
1986-1987 |
739 |
362 |
49 |
1987-1988 |
798 |
363 |
45 |
1988-1989 |
884 |
411 |
46 |
1989-1990 |
929 |
401 |
43 |
1990-1991 |
1,061 |
461 |
43 |
1991-1992 |
1,016 |
430 |
42 |
1992-1993 |
1,197 |
526 |
44 |
1993-1994 |
1,059 |
469 |
44 |
1994-1995 |
1,207 |
567 |
47 |
1995-1996 |
1,150 |
493 |
43 |
1996-1997 |
1,158 |
516 |
45 |
1997-1998a |
1,216 |
586 |
48 |
1998-1999 |
1,133 |
554 |
49 |
1999-1900 |
1,119 |
537 |
48 |
2000-2001 |
1,008 |
494 |
49 |
2001-2002 |
948 |
NA |
NA |
2002-2003 |
1,017 |
489 |
48 |
2003-2004 |
1,041 |
441 |
42 |
2004-2005 |
1,116 |
433 |
39 |
2005-2006 |
1,245 |
522 |
42 |
2006-2007 |
1,157 |
500 |
43 |
2007-2008 |
1,235 |
540 |
44 |
a Prior to this year, the counts include new doctoral recipients from Group Vb (departments granting doctoral degrees in operations research/management science). The figures for 1997-1998 excluding Vb are 1,163 new doctoral recipients, of which 565 are U.S. citizens. In addition, prior to 1982-1983, the counts include new doctoral recipients from computer science departments. SOURCE: Davis (1999), Phipps et al. (2008a). |
TABLE B-8 Number and Percentage of Doctorates in Mathematical Sciences in the United States, 1980-1981 to 1998-1999, by Gender
Year |
Total U.S. Citizen Doctoral Recipients (no.) |
Male (no.) |
Female (no.) |
Percent Female (%) |
1980-1981 |
567 |
465 |
102 |
18 |
1981-1982 |
519 |
431 |
88 |
17 |
1982-1983 |
455 |
366 |
89 |
20 |
1983-1984 |
433 |
346 |
87 |
20 |
1984-1985 |
396 |
315 |
81 |
20 |
1985-1986 |
386 |
304 |
82 |
21 |
1986-1987 |
362 |
289 |
73 |
20 |
1987-1988 |
363 |
287 |
76 |
21 |
1988-1989 |
411 |
313 |
98 |
24 |
1989-1990 |
401 |
312 |
89 |
22 |
1990-1991 |
461 |
349 |
112 |
24 |
1991-1992 |
430 |
327 |
103 |
24 |
1992-1993 |
526 |
381 |
145 |
28 |
1993-1994 |
469 |
345 |
124 |
26 |
1994-1995 |
567 |
426 |
141 |
25 |
1995-1996 |
493 |
377 |
116 |
24 |
1996-1997 |
516 |
368 |
148 |
29 |
1997-1998a |
586 |
423 |
163 |
28 |
1998-1999 |
554 |
367 |
187 |
34 |
a Prior to this year, the counts include new doctoral recipients from Group Vb (departments granting doctoral degrees in operations research/management science). The figures for 1997-1998 excluding Vb are 565 U.S.-citizen new doctoral recipients, of which 409 are male and 156 are female. In addition, prior to 1982-1983, the counts include new doctoral recipients from computer science departments. SOURCE: Davis (1999), Phipps et al. (2008a). |
TABLE B-9 Number of Postdoctoral Fellows in Mathematics and Statistics at Doctorate-Granting Institutions in the United States, 1980-2006
Year |
Postdoctoral Fellows (no.) |
1980 |
162 |
1981 |
113 |
1982 |
194 |
1983 |
170 |
1984 |
203 |
1985 |
226 |
1986 |
201 |
1987 |
229 |
1988 |
284 |
1989 |
224 |
1990 |
248 |
1991 |
206 |
1992 |
201 |
1993 |
224 |
1994 |
239 |
1995 |
262 |
1996 |
326 |
1997 |
307 |
1998 |
279 |
1999 |
351 |
2000 |
385 |
2001 |
353 |
2002 |
393 |
2003 |
449 |
2004 |
468 |
2005 |
496 |
2006 |
574 |
SOURCE: National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in S&E,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsr.gov. |