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1 Acknowledgements The research reported herein is presented under NCHRP Project 22-15 by the George Washington University Transportation Research Institute and the FHWA/NHTSA National Crash Analysis Center at the George Washington University. Maurice Bronstad of DYNATEC engineering was a subcontractor and has made several contributions to the following work. Azim Eskandarian, director of the GW Transportation Research Institute was the principal investigator for the project and provided technical guidance for ongoing research. Significant contribution and direction was provided by Kennerly Digges, Leonard Meczkowski and Dhafer Marzougui. Additionally, research and reporting was completed by George Bahouth and Daniel Godrick.