Seismic Design of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutments with Modular Block Facing (2012)

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250 Elias, V., Christopher, B. R., and Berg, R.R., “Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes Design and Construction Guidelines.” National Highway Institute Course No. 132042, FHWA NHI-00-043 (2001) 394 pp. Illinois Department of Transportation Bureau of Bridges and Structures, 2008, Bridge manual, State of Illinois Department of Transportation Bureau of Bridges and Structures. Japan Railway (JR) Technical Research Institute, “Manual on Design and Construction of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall.” (1998) 118 pp. Keller, G. R. and Devin, S.C., “Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutments.” Eighth International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2, No. 1819 (2003) pp. 362-368. Monley, G.J. and Wu, J.T.H., “Tensile Reinforcement Effects on Bridge- Approach Settlement.” ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 4 (1993) pp. 749-762. Motta, E., 1994. Generalized Coulomb active earth pressure for distanced surcharge, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 120(6): 1072-1079. NCMA, “Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls.” 3rd Edition, National Concrete Masonry Association, Herndon, VA. (2009). Newmark, N.M., 1965. Effect of earthquakes on dams and embankments, Géotechnique, 15(2): 139-159. Okabe, S., 1924. General theory on earth pressure and seismic stability of retaining wall and dam, Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 10(6): 1277-1323. Prakash, S. (1981). Soil dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

251 Richards, R., and Elms, D.G., 1979. Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 105(GT4): 449-464. Seed, H.B., and Whitman, R.V., 1970, “Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads”, ASCE Specialty Conference: Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures, pp. 102-147. Steedman, R.S., and Zeng, X. 1990., The influence of phase on the calculation of pseudo-static earth pressure on a retaining wall, Géotechnique, 40(1): 101-112. Swiss Association of Geotextile Professionals (SAGP), “The Geotextile Handbook.” Translations by US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado (1981) 411 pp. The Reinforced Earth Company (Technical Bulletin MSE-9), 1995, Seismic design of reinforced earth retaining walls and bridge abutments, The Reinforced Earth Company. Vesic, A.S. (1973). "Analysis of ultimate loads of shallow foundations". ASCE Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, Vol. 99, Nº1, pp. 45-73. Wu, J.T.H., “Design and Construction of Low Cost Retaining Walls: The Next Generation in Technology.” Report No. CTI-UCD-1-94, Colorado Transportation Institute (1994) 152 pp. Wu, J.T.H., Lee, K.Z.Z., Helwany, S.B., and Ketchart, K. (2006). “Design and Construction Guidelines for GRS Bridge Abutment with a Flexible Facing." Report No. 556, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC. (2006). Zarrabi, K., 1979, “Sliding of gravity retaining wall during earthquakes considering vertical acceleration and changing inclination of failure surface”, Master of Science thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 140 p.